Sclareol and Labdenediol Diphosphate Synthase Polypeptides, Encoding Nucleic Acid Molecules and Uses Thereof

ABSTRACT

Provided are labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides, sclareol synthase polypeptides, nucleic acid molecules encoding the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides and sclareol synthase polypeptides, and methods of using the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides, sclareol synthase polypeptides. Also provided are methods for producing labdenediol diphosphate, sclareol and (−)-ambroxide.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

Benefit of priority is claimed to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/741,959, filed Jul. 30, 2012, entitled “SCLAREOL AND LABDENEDIOL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE POLYPEPTIDES, ENCODING NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES AND USES THEREOF.” The subject matter of the above-noted application is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

This application is related to International PCT Application No. PCT/US2013/052784, filed the same day herewith, entitled “SCLAREOL AND LABDENEDIOL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE POLYPEPTIDES, ENCODING NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES AND USES THEREOF,” which also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/741,959.

The subject matter of each of the above-noted applications is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING PROVIDED ON COMPACT DISCS

An electronic version on compact disc (CD-R) of the Sequence Listing is filed herewith in duplicate (labeled Copy #1 and Copy #2), the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The computer-readable file on each of the aforementioned compact discs, created on Jul. 29, 2013, is identical, 561 kilobytes in size, and titled 219SEQ.001.txt. A substitute Sequence Listing is filed electronically herewith, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The text file, created Oct. 25, 2013, is 560 kilobytes in size and titled 219SEQ002.txt.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Provided are sclareol synthase and labdenediol diphosphate synthase (designated LPP synthase), nucleic acid molecules encoding the sclareol and LPP synthases, and methods for producing products whose synthesis includes reactions catalyzed by one or both of sclareol and LPP synthases. Included among the products are ambroxide and precursors and derivatives thereof.

BACKGROUND

Labdenediol diphosphate and sclareol are diterpenes that occur in plants. Labdenediol diphosphate is derived from cyclization of the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), and sclareol is derived from labdenediol diphosphate. Sclareol can be converted to ambroxide, a compound that is used widely in the perfume industry to impart ambergris notes. Thus, among the objects herein is the provision of labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides, sclareol synthase polypeptides and methods for the production of labdenediol diphosphate and sclareol and ambroxide.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are isolated Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthases. Also provided herein are isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides. For example, provided herein are isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides, wherein the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 54; or the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids that has at least 95% sequence identity to a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 54. In some examples, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids that has at least 50% amino acid sequence identity to a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 54; and the labdenediol diphosphate synthase catalyzes the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor. For example, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide exhibits at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity to a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 54.

In some examples, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide has a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 53. In other examples, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide has a sequence of nucleic acids having at least 95% sequence identity to a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 53. Also provided herein are degenerates of any of the provided isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide. In particular examples, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide has a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 53.

Provided herein are isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide wherein the encoded labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 54. Also provided herein are isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide wherein the encoded labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids that has at least 95% sequence identity to a labdenediol diphosphate synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 54. In particular examples, the encoded labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs:2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 54.

Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding modified Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides. In some examples, the encoded modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide contains at least one amino acid replacement, addition or deletion compared to the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide not containing the modification. In a particular example, the modification is an amino acid replacement. Provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding modified Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides wherein the encoded modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide exhibits at least 65% sequence identity to the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. For example, the encoded modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide exhibits at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity to the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. In some examples, the amino acid replacement is in a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide that has a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14; or is in a labdenediol diphosphate synthase that has a sequence of amino acids that is at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14.

The labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acids molecules provided herein catalyze the formation of labdenediol pyrophosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor. For example, the encoded labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides catalyze the formation of labdenediol pyrophosphate from the pyrophosphate terpene precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). In some examples, the encoded labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide produces labdenediol diphosphate from GGPP in a host cell, whereby the host cell is a cell that produces GGPP, for example, a yeast cell.

Also provided herein are labdenediol diphosphate synthases encoded by any of the nucleic acid molecules provided herein. The labdenediol diphosphate synthases provided herein catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, for example, an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor that is geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). In some examples, the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides produce labdenediol diphosphate from GGPP in a host cell, whereby the host cell is a cell that produces GGPP, for example, a yeast cell.

Provided herein are isolated Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthases. Also provided herein are isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase polypeptides. For example, provided herein are isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase polypeptides, wherein the sclareol synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 36, 38, 40 or 78; or the sclareol synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids that has at least 95% sequence identity to a sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 36, 38, 40 or 78. In some examples, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the sclareol synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids that has at least 50% amino acid sequence identity to a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 36, 38, 40 or 78, and the sclareol synthase catalyzes the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. For example, the encoded sclareol synthase polypeptide exhibits at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity to a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 36, 38, 40 or 78.

In some examples, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide has a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:30, 35, 37, 39 or 77. In other examples, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide has a sequence of nucleic acids having at least 95% sequence identity to a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:30, 35, 37, 39 or 77. Also provided herein are degenerates of any of the provided isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide. In particular examples, the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide has a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:30, 35, 37, 39 or 77.

Provided herein are isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide wherein the encoded sclareol synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 36, 38, 40 or 78; or the encoded sclareol synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids that has at least 95% sequence identity to a sclareol synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 36, 38, 40 or 78. In a particular example, the encoded sclareol synthase polypeptide has a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 36, 38, 40 or 78.

Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding modified Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase polypeptides. In some examples, the modified Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase polypeptide contains at least one amino acid replacement, addition or deletion compared to the sclareol synthase polypeptide not containing the modification. In a particular example, the modification is an amino acid replacement. Provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding modified Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase polypeptides wherein the encoded modified sclareol synthase polypeptide exhibits at least 65% sequence identity to the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. For example, the encoded modified sclareol synthase polypeptide exhibits at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity to the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. In some examples, the amino acid replacement is in a sclareol synthase polypeptide that has a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 36, 38, 40 or 78; or is in a sclareol synthase polypeptide that has a sequence of amino acids that is at least 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 or 78. The sclareol synthase polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acids molecules provided herein catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. For example, the encoded sclareol synthase polypeptides catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate.

Provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides containing one or more heterologous domains or portions thereof from one or more terpene synthases, wherein the domain is selected from among Helix A; Loop 1; Helix B; Loop 2; Helix C; Loop 3; Helix D; Loop 4; Helix E; Loop 5; Helix F1; Loop 7; Helix G; Loop 8; Helix H; Loop 9; Helix I; Loop 10; Helix J; Loop 11; Helix K; Loop 12; Helix L; Loop 13; Helix M; Loop 14; Helix N; Loop 15; Helix O; Loop 16; Helix P; Loop 17; Helix Q; Loop 18; Helix R; Loop 19; Helix S; Loop 20; Helix T; Loop 21; Helix U; Loop 22; Helix V; Loop 23; Helix W; Loop 24; Helix X; Loop 25; Helix Y; Loop 26; Helix Z1; Loop 28; Helix AA; Loop 29; Helix AB; Loop 30; Helix AC and/or Loop 31. For example, provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide, wherein the encoded modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide has one or more heterologous domains or portions thereof from one or more terpene synthases, wherein the domain is selected from among Helix A; Loop 1; Helix B; Loop 2; Helix C; Loop 3; Helix D; Loop 4; Helix E; Loop 5; Helix F1; Loop 7; Helix G; Loop 8; Helix H; Loop 9; Helix I; Loop 10; Helix J; Loop 11; Helix K; Loop 12; Helix L; Loop 13; Helix M; Loop 14; Helix N; Loop 15; Helix O; Loop 16; Helix P; Loop 17; Helix Q; Loop 18; Helix R; Loop 19; Helix S; Loop 20; Helix T; Loop 21; Helix U; Loop 22; Helix V; Loop 23; Helix W; Loop 24; Helix X; Loop 25; Helix Y; Loop 26; Helix Z1; Loop 28; Helix AA; Loop 29; Helix AB; Loop 30; Helix AC and/or Loop 31.

In some examples, the heterologous domain or a contiguous portion thereof replaces all or a contiguous portion of the corresponding native domain of the labdenediol diphosphate synthase not containing the heterologous domain. In other examples, the encoded modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide contains all of a heterologous domain of a different terpene synthase. In other examples, the encoded modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide contains at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of contiguous amino acids of a heterologous domain from one or more different terpene synthases. In some examples, the different terpene synthase is a diterpene synthase, for example, a class II diterpene synthase. In one example, the different diterpene synthase is a labdenediol diphosphate synthase from a species other than Nicotiana glutinosa. For example, the diterpene synthase is a Salvia sclarea labdenediol diphosphate synthase.

Provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding modified sclareol synthase polypeptides containing one or more heterologous domains or portions thereof from one or more terpene synthases, wherein the domain is selected from among Loop 1; Helix A; Loop 2; Helix B; Loop 3; Helix C; Loop 4; Helix D; Loop 5; Helix E; Loop 6; Helix F; Loop 7; Helix G; Loop 8; Helix H; Loop 9; Helix I; Loop 10; Helix J; Loop 11; Helix K; Loop 12; Helix L; Loop 13; Helix M; Loop 14; Helix N; Loop 15; Helix O; Loop 16; Helix P; Loop 17; Helix Q; Loop 18; Helix R; Loop 19; Helix S; Loop 20; Helix T; Loop 21; Helix U; Loop 22; Helix V; Loop 23; Helix W; Loop 24; Helix X; Loop 25; Helix Y; Loop 26; Helix Z; Loop 27; Helix AA; Loop 28; Helix AB; Loop 29; Helix AC; Loop 30; Helix AD; Loop 31; Helix AE; Loop 32; Helix AF; Loop 33; Helix AG; Loop 34; Helix AH; and/or Loop 35. For example, provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified sclareol synthase polypeptide, wherein the encoded modified sclareol synthase polypeptide has one or more heterologous domains or portions thereof from one or more terpene synthases, wherein the domain is selected from among Loop 1; Helix A; Loop 2; Helix B; Loop 3; Helix C; Loop 4; Helix D; Loop 5; Helix E; Loop 6; Helix F; Loop 7; Helix G; Loop 8; Helix H; Loop 9; Helix I; Loop 10; Helix J; Loop 11; Helix K; Loop 12; Helix L; Loop 13; Helix M; Loop 14; Helix N; Loop 15; Helix O; Loop 16; Helix P; Loop 17; Helix Q; Loop 18; Helix R; Loop 19; Helix S; Loop 20; Helix T; Loop 21; Helix U; Loop 22; Helix V; Loop 23; Helix W; Loop 24; Helix X; Loop 25; Helix Y; Loop 26; Helix Z; Loop 27; Helix AA; Loop 28; Helix AB; Loop 29; Helix AC; Loop 30; Helix AD; Loop 31; Helix AE; Loop 32; Helix AF; Loop 33; Helix AG; Loop 34; Helix AH; and/or Loop 35.

In some examples, the heterologous domain or a contiguous portion thereof replaces all or a contiguous portion of the corresponding native domain of the sclareol synthase not containing the heterologous domain. In other examples, the encoded modified sclareol synthase polypeptide contains all of a heterologous domain of a different terpene synthase. In other examples, the encoded modified sclareol synthase polypeptide contains at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of contiguous amino acids of a heterologous domain from one or more different terpene synthases. In some examples, the different terpene synthase is a diterpene synthase, for example, a class I diterpene synthase. In one example, the different diterpene synthase is a sclareol synthase from a species other than Nicotiana glutinosa. For example, the diterpene synthase is a Salvia sclarea sclareol synthase. For example, provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified sclareol synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:86; or a sequence of amino acids that has at least 95% sequence identity to a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:86. In another example; provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified sclareol synthase polypeptide having a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:87; or having a sequence of nucleic acids that has at least 95% sequence identity to a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:87; and degenerates thereof.

Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding fusion proteins containing a Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase and a Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase. For example, provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein having a labdenediol diphosphate synthase and a sclareol synthase, wherein the labdenediol diphosphate synthase is any synthase nucleic acid molecule encoding a labdenediol diphosphate provided herein and the sclareol synthase is any nucleic acid molecule encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein. The labdenediol diphosphate synthase and sclareol synthase can be linked directly or via a linker. In some examples, the fusion protein contains a Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase provided herein and the sclareol synthase that is a Salvia sclarea sclareol synthase, for example, a sclareol synthase that has a sequence of amino acid set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:60-62. In other examples, the fusion protein contains a Salvia sclarea labdenediol diphosphate synthase and the sclareol synthase is a Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase provided herein. For example, the Salvia sclarea labdenediol diphosphate synthase has a sequence of amino acid set forth in SEQ ID NO:58 or 59. Provided herein are nucleic acids encoding a fusion protein having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:94; or a sequence of amino acids that has at least 95% sequence identity to a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:94. Provided herein are nucleic acids encoding a fusion protein having a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:95; or a sequence of nucleic acids that has at least 95% sequence identity to a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:95; and degenerates thereof.

Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding a sclareol synthase fused to a protein domain that facilitates increased expression of the sclareol synthase. The sclareol synthase and protein domain can be linked directly or via a linker. In some examples, the protein domain is a green fluorescent protein or a cellulose binding domain. In some examples, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase, for example, any of the nucleic acid molecules provided herein. Provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a sclareol synthase fused to a protein domain that facilitates increased expression of the sclareol synthase that encodes a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:90 or 92; or a sequence of amino acids that has at least 95% sequence identity to a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:90 or 92. Also provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a sclareol synthase fused to a protein domain that facilitates increased expression of the sclareol synthase having a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:91 or 93; or a sequence of nucleic acids that has at least 95% sequence identity to a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:91 or 93; and degenerates thereof.

Also provided herein are vectors containing any of the nucleic acid molecules encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide or a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein. In some examples, the vector is a prokaryotic vector, a viral vector, or an eukaryotic vector. For example, the vector is a yeast vector. Also provided herein are cells containing any of the vectors or nucleic acid molecules provided herein. The cell can be a prokaryotic cell or an eukaryotic cell. For example, the cell is selected from among a bacteria, yeast, insect, plant or mammalian cell. In a particular example, the cell is a yeast cell that is a Saccharomyces genus cell or a Pichia genus cell. In one example, the yeast cell is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell. In another example, the cell is a bacterial cell that is an Escherichia coli cell. In particular examples, the cells produce geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). For example, the cell produces GGPP natively or is modified to produce more GGPP compared to an unmodified cell. In a particular example, the cell is modified to produce more GGPP compared to an unmodified cell. The cells provided herein can express a sclareol synthase polypeptide. Also provided herein are sclareol synthases produced by any of the cells provided herein. Also provided herein are transgenic plants containing any of the vectors provided herein. In one example, the transgenic plant is a tobacco plant.

Provided herein is a method for producing a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide wherein a nucleic acid molecule or vector encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide provided herein is introduced into a cell, the cell is cultured under conditions suitable for expression of the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid or vector; and, optionally, the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide is isolated. Provided herein is a method for producing a sclareol synthase polypeptide wherein a nucleic acid molecule or vector encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein is introduced into a cell, the cell is cultured under conditions suitable for expression of the sclareol synthase polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid or vector; and, optionally, the sclareol synthase polypeptide is isolated.

Provided herein is a method for producing labdenediol diphosphate, wherein an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor is contacted with any labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide provided herein, under conditions suitable for the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, and optionally, isolating the labdenediol diphosphate. In some examples, the step of contacting the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with the labdenediol synthase polypeptide is effected in vitro or in vivo. In some examples, the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor is geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP).

Provided herein is a method for producing labdenediol diphosphate, wherein a cell transformed with a nucleic acid molecule encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase provided herein is cultured; whereby the cell produces an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule or vector is expressed; and the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor. In some examples, the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor is geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). In other examples, the cell is selected from among a bacteria, yeast, insect, plant or mammalian cell. For example, the cell is a yeast cell that is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell. In some examples, the cell is modified to produce more GGPP compared to an unmodified cell.

Also provided herein is a method for producing labdenediol diphosphate, wherein a cell transformed with a nucleic acid molecule encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase provided herein is cultured; whereby the cell produces an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule or vector is expressed; the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; and the labdenediol diphosphate is isolated. In some examples of the method, the labdenediol diphosphate is converted to labdenediol, for example, the conversion is effected by addition of an alkaline phosphatase. In some examples, the labdenediol is isolated, for example, by extraction with an organic solvent and/or column chromatography.

Provided herein is a method for producing sclareol, wherein a labdenediol diphosphate is contacted with any sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein or any sclareol synthase polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule provided herein, under conditions suitable for the formation of sclareol from the labdenediol diphosphate; and optionally, the sclareol is isolated.

Provided herein is a method for producing sclareol, wherein a cell is transformed with a nucleic acid molecule or vector encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein in a medium that contains labdenediol diphosphate; the sclareol synthase polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule or vector is expressed; and the sclareol synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of sclareol from the labdenediol diphosphate.

Provided herein is a method for producing sclareol, wherein the method includes (a) contacting geranylgeranyl diphosphate with a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide provided herein or a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid provided herein; (b) contacting labdenediol diphosphate with a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein or a sclareol synthase polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule provided herein; and (c) optionally isolating the sclareol produced in step (b).

Provided herein is a method for producing sclareol, wherein the method includes culturing a cell encoding (a) a nucleic acid molecule or vector encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide provided herein; (b) the nucleic acid molecule or the vector encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein; and (c) optionally isolating the sclareol produced in step (b); wherein the cell produces an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; the labdenediol diphosphate synthase and sclareol synthase polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid molecule or vector are expressed; the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; and the sclareol synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. Steps a) and b) can be carried out simultaneously or sequentially.

Provided herein is a method for producing sclareol, wherein the method includes culturing a cell encoding (a) the nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion protein containing a Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase and a Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase; and (b) optionally isolating the sclareol produced in step (a); wherein the cell produces an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; the labdenediol diphosphate synthase and sclareol synthase polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid molecule are expressed; the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; and the sclareol synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. Steps a) and b) can be carried out simultaneously or sequentially. In some examples, in step (b), the sclareol is isolated by extraction with an organic solvent and/or column chromatography.

Provided herein is a method for producing (−)-ambroxide, wherein the method includes (a) contacting geranylgeranyl diphosphate with the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide provided herein or the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule provided herein; (b) contacting labdenediol diphosphate with the sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein or the sclareol synthase polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule provided herein; (c) isolating the sclareol produced in step (b); (d) converting the sclareol to ambroxide; and (e) isolating the ambroxide.

Provided herein is a method for producing (−)-ambroxide, wherein the method includes culturing a cell encoding (a) a nucleic acid molecule or vector encoding a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide; (b) a nucleic acid molecule or a vector encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide; (c) isolating the sclareol produced in step (b); (d) converting the sclareol to (−)-ambroxide; and (e) isolating the (−)-ambroxide; wherein the cell produces an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide and sclareol synthase polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid molecule or vector are expressed; the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; and the sclareol synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate.

In any of the methods for producing (−)-ambroxide provided herein, in step (c), the sclareol can be isolated by extraction with an organic solvent and/or column chromatography. In any of the methods for producing (−)-ambroxide provided herein, in step (d), the sclareol can be converted to (−)-ambroxide biosynthetically, chemically or both biosynthetically and chemically. The oxidation to (−)-ambroxide can be performed in one step or multiple steps.

For example, the sclareol is converted to (−)-ambroxide according to Scheme II

or Scheme III

In any of the methods for producing (−)-ambroxide provided herein, in step (e), the (−)-ambroxide is isolated by extraction with an organic solvent and/or column chromatography. In any of the methods for producing (−)-ambroxide provided herein, steps a) and b) can be carried out simultaneously or sequentially.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A depicts the formation of labdenediol diphosphate (LPP) and sclareol from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) by the enzymes labdenediol diphosphate synthase (LPP synthase) and sclareol synthase. FIG. 1B illustrates the conversion of GGPP to LPP by LPP synthase. FIG. 1C illustrates the conversion of LPP to sclareol by sclareol synthase.

FIGS. 2A-2C depict pathways for the conversion of sclareol to (−)-ambroxide and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to (−)-ambroxide. For example, FIG. 2A illustrates a scheme involving oxidative degradation followed by reduction and cyclization. FIG. 2B illustrates a scheme involving biochemical conversion to sclareolide followed by reduction and cyclization. FIG. 2C illustrates a scheme for the conversion of GGPP to (−)-ambroxide.

FIGS. 3A-3D depict exemplary alignments of Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase and sclareol synthase with other diterpene synthases. A “*” means that the aligned residues are identical, a “:” means that aligned residues are not identical, but are similar and contain conservative amino acids residues at the aligned position, and a “.” means that the aligned residues are similar and contain semi-conservative amino acid residues at the aligned position. For example, FIGS. 3A-3B depict the alignment of Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase NgLPP2-1-2 set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 with Arabidopsis thaliana ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:83. FIGS. 3C-3D depicts the alignment of Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase NgSs S3F1-1 set forth in SEQ ID NO:36 with Abies grandis abietadiene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:84.

FIGS. 4A-4F depict exemplary alignments of Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthases (NgLPP) and sclareol synthases (NgSs) with Salvia sclarea labdenediol diphosphate synthases (SsLPP) and sclareol synthases (SsSs). A “*” means that the aligned residues are identical, a “:” means that aligned residues are not identical, but are similar and contain conservative amino acids residues at the aligned position, and a “.” means that the aligned residues are similar and contain semi-conservative amino acid residues at the aligned position. For example, FIGS. 4A-4C depict the alignment of Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase NgLPP2-1-2 set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase NgLPP2-2-2 set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 and Salvia sclarea labdenediol diphosphate synthases set forth in SEQ ID NOS:58 and 59. FIGS. 4D-4F depict the alignment of Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase S3F1-1 set forth in SEQ ID NO:36, Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase S3F2-3 set forth in SEQ ID NO:40 and Salvia sclarea sclareol synthases set forth in SEQ ID NOS:60 and 62.

FIGS. 5A and 5B depict vector maps of the yeast expression vectors pALX47-66.1 and pALX40-170.2R, set forth in SEQ ID NOS:74 and 76, respectively, and described in Example 8.

FIGS. 6A-6J depict exemplary alignments of Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate and sclareol synthases. A “*” means that the aligned residues are identical, a “:” means that aligned residues are not identical, but are similar and contain conservative amino acids residues at the aligned position, and a “.” means that the aligned residues are similar and contain semi-conservative amino acid residues at the aligned position. Exemplary, non-limiting, corresponding positions for amino acid replacements are indicated by highlighting. For example, FIGS. 6A-6B depict the alignment of a Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:54 with a Salvia sclarea labdenediol diphosphate synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:58. FIGS. 6C-6D depict the alignment of a Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:54 with a Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:10. FIGS. 6E-6F depict the alignment of a Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 with a Salvia sclarea sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:60. FIGS. 6G-6H depict the alignment of a Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 with a Salvia sclarea sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:62. FIGS. 6I-6J depict the alignment of a Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 with a Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:40.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Outline A. Definitions

B. Pathways and products—overview

-   -   Pathway     -   Diterpene synthases     -   1. Labdenediol Diphosphate (LPP) Synthase         -   a. Structure         -   b. Activity     -   2. Sclareol Synthase         -   a. Structure         -   b. Activity     -   3. (−)-Ambroxide         C. Labdenediol diphosphate (LPP) synthase and sclareol synthase         polypeptides and encoding nucleic acid molecules     -   1. Labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides         -   a. Modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides         -   b. Truncated LPP synthase polypeptides         -   c. LPP synthase polypeptides with altered activities or             properties         -   d. Domain Swaps         -   e. Additional variants     -   2. Sclareol synthase polypeptides         -   a. Modified sclareol synthase polypeptides         -   b. Truncated sclareol synthase polypeptides         -   c. Altered activities or properties         -   d. Domain Swaps         -   e. Additional Variants     -   3. Fusion or chimeric LPP synthase and sclareol synthase         polypeptides         D. Methods for producing modified LPP and sclareol synthases and         encoding nucleic acid molecules         E. Expression of LPP synthase and sclareol synthase polypeptides         and encoding nucleic acid molecules     -   1. Isolation of nucleic acid encoding LPP synthase and sclareol         synthase     -   2. Generation of mutant or modified nucleic acid     -   3. Vectors and Cells     -   4. Expression systems         -   a. Prokaryotic cells         -   b. Yeast cells         -   c. Plants and plant cells         -   d. Insects and insect cells         -   e. Mammalian cells     -   5. Purification     -   6. Fusion proteins         F. Methods for producing terpenes catalyzed by LPP and sclareol         synthases and methods for detecting such products and the         activity of the LPP and sclareol synthases     -   1. Labdenediol diphosphate and labdenediol     -   2. Sclareol     -   3. Production of labdenediol diphosphate and sclareol         -   a. Exemplary cells         -   b. Culture of cells         -   c. Isolation and assessment     -   4. Production of (−)-ambroxide

G. Examples A. Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the invention(s) belong. All patents, patent applications, published applications and publications, Genbank sequences, databases, websites and other published materials referred to throughout the entire disclosure herein, unless noted otherwise, are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that there are a plurality of definitions for terms herein, those in this section prevail. Where reference is made to a URL or other such identifier or address, it understood that such identifiers can change and particular information on the internet can come and go, but equivalent information can be found by searching the internet. Reference thereto evidences the availability and public dissemination of such information.

As used herein, an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor is any acyclic pyrophosphate compound that is a precursor to the production of at least one terpene, including, but not limited to, farnesyl-pyrophosphate (FPP), geranyl-pyrophosphate (GPP), and geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP). Acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursors are thus substrates for terpene synthases.

As used herein, a terpene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon based on the isoprene unit (C₅H₈), and having a general formula C_(5x)H_(8x), such as C₁₀H₁₆. Reference to a terpene includes acyclic, monocyclic and polycyclic terpenes. Terpenes include, but are not limited to, monoterpenes, which contain 10 carbon atoms; sesquiterpenes, which contain 15 carbon atoms; diterpenes, which contain 20 carbon atoms, and triterpenes, which contain 30 carbon atoms. Reference to a terpene also includes stereoisomers of the terpene.

As used herein, a terpene synthase is a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the formation of one or more terpenes from a pyrophosphate terpene precursor. In some examples, a terpene synthase catalyzes the formation of one or more terpenes from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, for example, FPP, GPP or GGPP. In other examples, a terpene synthase catalyzes the formation of one or more terpenes from a cyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, including, but not limited to, labdenediol diphosphate.

As used herein, a “labdenediol diphosphate synthase” or “LPP synthase” or “labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide” or “LPP synthase polypeptide” is a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate precursor, typically geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). Labdenediol diphosphate can be the only product or one of a mixture of products formed from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a labdenediol diphosphate synthase. The amount of labdenediol diphosphate produced from the reaction of a labdenediol diphosphate synthase with an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor typically is at least or at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more of the total amount of terpenes produced in the reaction. In some instances, labdenediol diphosphate is the predominant terpene produced (i.e. present in greater amounts than any other single terpene produced from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a labdenediol diphosphate synthase).

For purposes herein, labdenediol diphosphate synthases provided herein are enzymes with LPP synthase activity and have greater than or greater than about or 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% sequence identity, when aligned with the LPP synthase sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. Reference to a labdenediol diphosphate synthase includes any labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide including, but not limited to, a recombinantly produced polypeptide, synthetically produced polypeptide and a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide extracted or isolated from cells or plant matter, including, but not limited to, leaves of the tobacco plant. Exemplary of labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides include those isolated from Nicotiana glutinosa. Reference to a labdenediol diphosphate synthase includes labdenediol diphosphate synthase from any genus or species, and includes allelic or species variants, variants encoded by splice variants, and other variants thereof, including polypeptides that have at least or at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the labdenediol diphosphate synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:54 when aligned therewith. Labdenediol diphosphate synthase also includes catalytically active fragments thereof that retain labdenediol diphosphate synthase activity.

As used herein, “labdenediol diphosphate synthase activity” (also referred to herein as catalytic activity) refers to the ability to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). Methods to assess labdenediol diphosphate formation from the reaction of a synthase with an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as GGPP, are well known in the art and described herein. For example, the synthase can be expressed in a host cell, such as a yeast cell, that also produces GGPP. The production of labdenediol diphosphate then can be assessed and quantified by methods such as, for example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (see Examples below). A synthase exhibits labdenediol diphosphate synthase activity or the ability to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor such as GGPP if the amount of labdenediol diphosphate produced from the reaction is at least or at least about 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more of the total amount of terpene produced in the reaction.

As used herein, labdenediol diphosphate is a diterpene having the following structure or isomers thereof:

As used herein, labdenediol is a diterpene having the following structure or isomers thereof:

As used herein, a “sclareol synthase” or “sclareol synthase polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. Sclareol can be the only product or one of a mixture of products formed from the reaction of labdenediol diphosphate with a sclareol synthase. The amount of sclareol produced from the reaction of a sclareol synthase with labdenediol diphosphate typically is at least or at least about 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more of the total amount of terpenes produced in the reaction. In some instances, sclareol is the predominant terpene produced (i.e. present in greater amounts than any other single terpene produced from the reaction of labdenediol diphosphate with a sclareol synthase).

Reference to a sclareol synthase includes any sclareol synthase polypeptide including, but not limited to, a recombinantly produced polypeptide, synthetically produced polypeptide and a sclareol synthase polypeptide extracted or isolated from cells or plant matter, including, but not limited to, leaves of the tobacco plant. Exemplary sclareol synthase polypeptides include those isolated from Nicotiana glutinosa. For purposes herein, a sclareol synthase provided herein has greater than or greater than about or 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% sequence identity, upon alignment, with the sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:31.

Thus, reference to a sclareol synthase includes sclareol synthase from any genus or species, and includes allelic or species variants, variants encoded by splice variants, and other variants thereof, including polypeptides that have at least or at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity, upon alignment, to the sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. Sclareol synthase also includes fragments thereof that retain catalytic activity.

As used herein, “sclareol synthase activity” (also referred to herein as catalytic activity) refers to the ability of the polypeptide to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. Methods to assess sclareol formation from the reaction of a synthase with labdenediol diphosphate are well known in the art and described herein. For example, the synthase can be expressed in a host cell, such as an E. coli or yeast cell, and incubated with labdenediol diphosphate. The production of sclareol then can be assessed and quantified by methods, including, for example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (see Examples below). A synthase is considered to exhibit sclareol synthase activity or the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate if the amount of sclareol produced from the reaction is at least or at least about 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more of the total amount of terpene produced in the reaction.

As used herein, sclareol is a diterpene having the following structure or isomers thereof:

As used herein, “wild type” or “native” with reference to a labdenediol diphosphate synthase or sclareol synthase refers to a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide or sclareol synthase polypeptide encoded by a native or naturally occurring labdenediol diphosphate synthase gene or sclareol synthase gene, including allelic variants, that are present in an organism, including a plant, in nature. Reference to wild type labdenediol diphosphate synthase or sclareol synthase without reference to a species is intended to encompass any species of a wild type labdenediol diphosphate synthase or sclareol synthase.

As used herein, species variants refer to variants in polypeptides among different species, including different tobacco species, such Nicotiana glutinosa and Nicotiana tabacum. Generally, species variants share at least or at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or more sequence identity. Corresponding residues between and among species variants can be determined by comparing and aligning sequences to maximize the number of matching nucleotides or amino acid residues, for example, such that identity between the sequences is equal to or greater than 95%, equal to or greater than 96%, equal to or greater than 97%, equal to or greater than 98% or equal to greater than 99%. The position of interest is then given the number assigned in the reference nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide. Alignment can be effected manually or by eye, particularly, where sequence identity is greater than 80%. To determine sequence identity among a plurality of variants, alignments are effected one-by-one against the same reference polypeptide.

As used herein, an allelic variant or allelic variation references any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus. Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and can result in phenotypic polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent (no change in the encoded polypeptide) or can encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequence. The term “allelic variant” also is used herein to denote a protein encoded by an allelic variant of a gene. Typically the reference form of the gene encodes a wild type form and/or predominant form of a polypeptide from a population or single reference member of a species. Typically, allelic variants, which include variants between and among species typically, have at least 80%, 90% or greater amino acid identity with a wild type and/or predominant form from the same species; the degree of identity depends upon the gene and whether comparison is interspecies or intraspecies. Generally, intraspecies allelic variants have at least about 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% identity or greater with a wild type and/or predominant form, including 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater identity with a wild type and/or predominant form of a polypeptide. Reference to an allelic variant herein generally refers to variations n proteins among members of the same species.

As used herein, a splice variant refers to a variant produced by differential processing of a primary transcript of genomic DNA that results in more than one type of mRNA.

As used herein, a “modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide” refers to a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide that has one or more amino acid differences compared to an unmodified or wild type labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide. The one or more amino acid differences can be amino acid mutations such as one or more amino acid replacements (substitutions), insertions or deletions, or can be insertions or deletions or replacements of entire domains or Portions thereof, and any combination thereof. Modification can be effected by any mutational protocol, including gene shuffling methods. Typically, a modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide has one or more modifications in the primary sequence compared to an unmodified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide. For example, a modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide provided herein can have at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or more amino acid differences compared to an unmodified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide. Typically, the LPP will have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 amino acid replacements, but can include more, particularly when domains or portions thereof are swapped. Any modification is contemplated as long as the resulting polypeptide has at least one labdenediol diphosphate synthase activity associated with a wild type labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide, such as, for example, catalytic activity, the ability to bind GGPP, and/or the ability to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from GGPP. Generally, the resulting LPP enzyme will have at least 50% sequence identity with the wild type LPP provided herein.

As used herein, a “modified sclareol synthase polypeptide” refers to a sclareol synthase polypeptide that has one or more amino acid differences compared to an unmodified or wild type sclareol synthase polypeptide. The one or more amino acid differences can be amino acid mutations such as one or more amino acid replacements (substitutions), insertions or deletions, or can be insertions or deletions of entire domains, and any combination thereof. Typically, a sclareol synthase polypeptide has one or more modifications in the primary sequence compared to an unmodified sclareol synthase polypeptide. For example, a modified sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein can have at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or more amino acid differences compared to an unmodified sclareol synthase polypeptide. Typically, the sclareol synthase will have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 amino acid replacements, but can include more, particularly when domains or portions thereof are swapped. Any modification is contemplated as long as the resulting polypeptide has at least one sclareol synthase activity associated with a wild type sclareol synthase polypeptide, such as, for example, catalytic activity, the ability to bind to or interact with labdenediol diphosphate, and/or the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. Generally, the resulting sclareol synthase will have at least 50% sequence identity with the wild type sclareol synthase provided herein.

As used herein, ambroxide is the compound having the following structure or a mixture of isomers thereof:

As used herein, corresponding residues refers to residues that occur at aligned loci. Related or variant polypeptides are aligned by any method known to those of skill in the art. Such methods typically maximize matches, and include methods such as manual alignments and those produced by the numerous alignment programs available (for example, BLASTP) and others known to those of skill in the art. By aligning the sequences of polypeptides, one skilled in the art can identify corresponding residues, using conserved and identical amino acid residues as guides. Corresponding positions also can be based on structural alignments, for example by using computer simulated alignments of protein structure. For example, corresponding residues between a Nicotiana glutinosa LPP synthase and Arabidopsis thaliana ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase are shown in FIGS. 3A-3B and corresponding residues between a Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase and Abies grandis abietadiene synthase are shown in FIGS. 3C-3D.

As used herein, domain or region (typically a sequence of at least three or more, generally 5 or 7 or more amino acids) refers to a portion of a molecule, such as a protein or the encoding nucleic acids, that is structurally and/or functionally distinct from other portions of the molecule and is identifiable. A protein can have one, or more than one, distinct domains. For example, a domain can be identified, defined or distinguished by homology of the sequence therein to related family members, such as other terpene synthases. A domain can be a linear sequence of amino acids or a non-linear sequence of amino acids. Many polypeptides contain a plurality of domains. Such domains are known, and can be identified by, those of skill in the art. For exemplification herein, definitions are provided, but it is understood that it is well within the skill in the art to recognize particular domains by name. If needed, appropriate software can be employed to identify domains. For example, as discussed above, corresponding domains in different terpene synthases can be identified by sequence alignments, such as using tools and algorithms well known in the art (for example, BLASTP).

As used herein, a functional domain refers to those portions of a polypeptide that is recognized by virtue of a functional activity, such as catalytic activity. A functional domain can be distinguished by its function, such as by catalytic activity, or an ability to interact with a biomolecule, such as substrate binding or metal binding. In some examples, a domain independently can exhibit a biological function or property such that the domain independently or fused to another molecule can perform an activity, such as, for example catalytic activity or substrate binding.

As used herein, a structural domain refers to those portions of a polypeptide chain that can form an independently folded structure within a protein made up of one or more structural motifs.

As used herein, “heterologous” with respect to an amino acid or nucleic acid sequence refers to portions of a sequence that is not present in a native polypeptide or encoded by a polynucleotide. For example, a portion of amino acids of a polypeptide, such as a domain or region or portion thereof, for a sclareol synthase is heterologous thereto if such amino acids ore not present in a native or wild type sclareol synthase (e.g. as set forth in SEQ ID NO:31), or encoded by the polynucleotide encoding therefor. Polypeptides containing such heterologous amino acids or polynucleotides encoding therefor are referred to as “chimeric polypeptides” or “chimeric polynucleotides,” respectively.

As used herein, the phrase “a property of the modified terpene synthase is improved compared to the first terpene synthase” refers to a desirable change in a property of a modified terpene synthase compared to a terpene synthase that does not contain the modification(s). Typically, the property or properties are improved such that the amount of a desired terpene produced from the reaction of a substrate with the modified terpene synthase is increased compared to the amount of the desired terpene produced from the reaction of a substrate with a terpene synthase that is not so modified. Exemplary properties that can be improved in a modified terpene synthase include, for example, terpene production, catalytic activity, product distribution, substrate specificity, regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. One or more of the properties can be assessed using methods well known in the art to determine whether the property had been improved (i.e. has been altered to be more desirable for the production of a desired terpene or terpenes).

As used herein, terpene production (also referred to as terpene yield) refers to the amount (in weight or weight/volume) of terpene produced from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a terpene synthase. Reference to total terpene production refers to the total amount of all terpenes produced from the reaction, while reference to specific terpene production refers to the amount of a specific terpene (e.g. labdenediol diphosphate or sclareol), produced from the reaction.

As used herein, an improved terpene production refers to an increase in the total amount of terpene (i.e. improved total terpene production) or an increase in the specific amount of terpene (i.e. improved specific terpene production) produced from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a modified terpene synthase compared to the amount produced from the reaction of the same acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a terpene synthase that is not so modified. The amount of terpene (total or specific) produced from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a modified terpene synthase can be increased by at least or at least about 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% or more compared to the amount of terpene produced from the reaction of the same acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor under the same conditions with a terpene synthase that is not so modified.

As used herein, substrate specificity refers to the preference of a synthase for one target substrate over another, such as one acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g. farnesyl-pyrophosphate (FPP), geranyl-pyrophosphate (GPP), or geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP)) over another. Substrate specificity can be assessed using methods well known in the art, such as those that calculate k_(cat)/K_(m). For example, the substrate specificity can be assessed by comparing the relative K_(cat)/K_(m), which is a measure of catalytic efficiency, of the enzyme against various substrates (e.g. GPP, FPP and GGPP).

As used herein, altered specificity refers to a change in substrate specificity of a modified terpene synthase polypeptide (such as a modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide or sclareol synthase polypeptide) compared to a terpene synthase that is not so modified (such as, for example, a wild type labdenediol diphosphate synthase or sclareol synthase). The specificity (e.g. k_(cat)/K_(m)) of a modified terpene synthase polypeptide for a substrate, such as FPP, GPP, GGPP or labdenediol diphosphate, can be altered by at least or at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% or more compared to the specificity of a starting labdenediol diphosphate synthase or sclareol synthase for the same substrate.

As used herein, improved substrate specificity refers to a change or alteration in the substrate specificity to a more desired specificity. For example, an improved substrate specificity can include an increase in substrate specificity of a modified terpene synthase polypeptide for a desired substrate, such as FPP, GPP or GGPP. The specificity (e.g. k_(cat)/K_(m)) of a modified terpene synthase polypeptide for a substrate, such as FPP, GPP or GGPP, can be increased by at least or at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% or more compared to the specificity of a terpene synthase that is not so modified.

As used herein, “product distribution” refers to the relative amounts of different terpenes produced from the reaction between an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as GGPP, and a terpene synthase, including the modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides provided herein. The amount of a produced terpene can be depicted as a percentage of the total products produced by the terpene synthase. For example, the product distribution resulting from reaction of GGPP with a labdenediol diphosphate synthase can be 90% (weight/volume) labdenediol diphosphate and 10% (weight/volume) manoyl oxides. Methods for assessing the type and amount of a terpene in a solution are well known in the art and described herein, and include, for example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (see Examples below).

As used herein, an altered product distribution refers to a change in the relative amount of individual terpenes produced from the reaction between an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as GGPP, and a terpene synthase, such as labdenediol diphosphate synthase. Typically, the change is assessed by determining the relative amount of individual terpenes produced from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor using a first synthase (e.g. wild type synthase) and then comparing it to the relative amount of individual terpenes produced using a second synthase (e.g. a modified synthase). An altered product distribution is considered to occur if the relative amount of any one or more terpenes is increased or decreased by at least or by at least about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or more.

As used herein, an improved product distribution refers to a change in the product distribution to one that is more desirable, i.e. contains more desirable relative amounts of terpenes. For example, an improved product distribution can contain an increased amount of a desired terpene and/or a decreased amount of a terpene that is not so desired. The amount of desired terpene in an improved production distribution can be increased by at least or by at least about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or more. The amount of a terpene that is not desired in an improved production distribution can be decreased by at least or by at least about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or more.

As used herein, nucleic acids or nucleic acid molecules include DNA, RNA and analogs thereof, including peptide nucleic acids (PNA) and mixtures thereof. Nucleic acids can be single or double-stranded. When referring to probes or primers, which are optionally labeled, such as with a detectable label, such as a fluorescent or radiolabel, single-stranded molecules are contemplated. Such molecules are typically of a length such that their target is statistically unique or of low copy number (typically less than 5, generally less than 3) for probing or priming a library. Generally a probe or primer contains at least 14, 16 or 30 contiguous nucleotides of sequence complementary to or identical to a gene of interest. Probes and primers can be 10, 20, 30, 50, 100 or more nucleic acids long.

As used herein, the term polynucleotide means a single- or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotide bases read from the 5′ to the 3′ end. Polynucleotides include RNA and DNA, and can be isolated from natural sources, synthesized in vitro, or prepared from a combination of natural and synthetic molecules. The length of a polynucleotide molecule is given herein in terms of nucleotides (abbreviated “nt”) or base pairs (abbreviated “bp”). The term nucleotides is used for single- and double-stranded molecules where the context permits. When the term is applied to double-stranded molecules it is used to denote overall length and will be understood to be equivalent to the term base pairs. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the two strands of a double-stranded polynucleotide can differ slightly in length and that the ends thereof can be staggered; thus all nucleotides within a double-stranded polynucleotide molecule cannot be paired. Such unpaired ends will, in general, not exceed 20 nucleotides in length.

As used herein, heterologous nucleic acid is nucleic acid that is not normally produced in vivo by the cell in which it is expressed or that is produced by the cell but is at a different locus or expressed differently or that mediates or encodes mediators that alter expression of endogenous nucleic acid, such as DNA, by affecting transcription, translation, or other regulatable biochemical processes. Heterologous nucleic acid is generally not endogenous to the cell into which it is introduced, but has been obtained from another cell or prepared synthetically. Heterologous nucleic acid can be endogenous, but is nucleic acid that is expressed from a different locus or altered in its expression. Generally, although not necessarily, such nucleic acid encodes RNA and proteins that are not normally produced by the cell or in the same way in the cell in which it is expressed. Heterologous nucleic acid, such as DNA, also can be referred to as foreign nucleic acid, such as DNA. Thus, heterologous nucleic acid or foreign nucleic acid includes a nucleic acid molecule not present in the exact orientation or position as the counterpart nucleic acid molecule, such as DNA, is found in a genome. It also can refer to a nucleic acid molecule from another organism or species (i.e., exogenous).

Any nucleic acid, such as DNA, that one of skill in the art would recognize or consider as heterologous or foreign to the cell in which the nucleic acid is expressed is herein encompassed by heterologous nucleic acid; heterologous nucleic acid includes exogenously added nucleic acid that also is expressed endogenously. Examples of heterologous nucleic acid include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid that encodes traceable marker proteins, such as a protein that confers drug resistance, nucleic acid that encodes therapeutically effective substances, such as anti-cancer agents, enzymes and hormones, and nucleic acid, such as DNA, that encodes other types of proteins, such as antibodies. Antibodies that are encoded by heterologous nucleic acid can be secreted or expressed on the surface of the cell in which the heterologous nucleic acid has been introduced.

As used herein, a peptide refers to a polypeptide that is from 2 to 40 amino acids in length.

As used herein, the amino acids that occur in the various sequences of amino acids provided herein are identified according to their known, three-letter or one-letter abbreviations (Table 1). The nucleotides which occur in the various nucleic acid fragments are designated with the standard single-letter designations used routinely in the art.

As used herein, an “amino acid” is an organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. A polypeptide contains two or more amino acids. For purposes herein, amino acids include the twenty naturally-occurring amino acids, non-natural amino acids and amino acid analogs (i.e., amino acids wherein the α-carbon has a side chain).

In keeping with standard polypeptide nomenclature described in J. Biol. Chem., 243: 3557-3559 (1969), and adopted 37 C.F.R. §§1.821-1.822, abbreviations for the amino acid residues are shown in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Table of Correspondence SYMBOL 1-Letter 3-Letter AMINO ACID Y Tyr Tyrosine G Gly Glycine F Phe Phenylalanine M Met Methionine A Ala Alanine S Ser Serine I Ile Isoleucine L Leu Leucine T Thr Threonine V Val Valine P Pro Proline K Lys Lysine H His Histidine Q Gln Glutamine E Glu Glutamic acid Z Glx Glu and/or Gln W Trp Tryptophan R Arg Arginine D Asp Aspartic acid N Asn Asparagine B Asx Asn and/or Asp C Cys Cysteine X Xaa Unknown or other

All amino acid residue sequences represented herein by formulae have a left to right orientation in the conventional direction of amino-terminus to carboxyl-terminus. In addition, the phrase “amino acid residue” is broadly defined to include the amino acids listed in the Table of Correspondence (Table 1) and modified and unusual amino acids, such as those referred to in 37 C.F.R. §§1.821-1.822, and incorporated herein by reference. Furthermore, a dash at the beginning or end of an amino acid residue sequence indicates a peptide bond to a further sequence of one or more amino acid residues, to an amino-terminal group such as NH₂ or to a carboxyl-terminal group such as COOH.

As used herein, “naturally occurring amino acids” refer to the 20 L-amino acids that occur in polypeptides.

As used herein, “non-natural amino acid” refers to an organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group that is not one of the naturally-occurring amino acids listed in Table 1. Non-naturally occurring amino acids thus include, for example, amino acids or analogs of amino acids other than the 20 naturally-occurring amino acids and include, but are not limited to, the D-isostereomers of amino acids. Exemplary non-natural amino acids are known to those of skill in the art and can be included in a modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides or sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein.

As used herein, modification is in reference to modification of the primary sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide or a sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid molecule and includes deletions, insertions, and replacements and rearrangements of amino acids and nucleotides. For purposes herein, amino acid replacements (or substitutions), deletions and/or insertions, can be made in any of the labdenediol diphosphate synthases or sclareol synthases provided herein. Modifications can be made by making conservative amino acid replacements and also non-conservative amino acid substitutions as well as by insertions, domain swaps and other such changes in primary sequence. For example, amino acid replacements that desirably or advantageously alter properties of the labdenediol diphosphate synthase or sclareol synthase can be made. For example, amino acid replacements can be made to the labdenediol diphosphate synthase such that the resulting modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase can produce more labdenediol diphosphate from GGPP compared to an unmodified labdenediol diphosphate synthase. For example, amino acid replacements can be made to the sclareol synthase such that the resulting sclareol synthase can produce more sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate compared to an unmodified sclareol synthase. Modifications also can include post-translational modifications or other changes to the molecule that can occur due to conjugation or linkage, directly or indirectly, to another moiety, but when such modifications are contemplated they are referred to as post-translational modifications or conjugates or other such term as appropriate. Methods of modifying a polypeptide are routine to those of skill in the art, and can be performed by standard methods, such as site directed mutations, amplification methods, and gene shuffling methods.

As used herein, amino acid replacements or substitutions contemplated include, but are not limited to, conservative substitutions, including, but not limited to, those set forth in Table 2. Suitable conservative substitutions of amino acids are known to those of skill in the art and can be made generally without altering the conformation or activity of the polypeptide. Those of skill in this art recognize that, in general, single amino acid substitutions in non-essential regions of a polypeptide do not substantially alter biological activity (see, e.g., Watson et al. Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4th Edition, 1987, The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. co., p. 224). Conservative amino acid substitutions are made, for example, in accordance with those set forth in Table 2 as follows:

TABLE 2 Original residue Conservative substitution Ala (A) Gly; Ser Arg (R) Lys Asn (N) Gln; His Cys (C) Ser Gln (Q) Asn Glu (E) Asp Gly (G) Ala; Pro His (H) Asn; Gln Ile (I) Leu; Val Leu (L) Ile; Val Lys (K) Arg; Gln; Glu Met (M) Leu; Tyr; Ile Phe (F) Met; Leu; Tyr Ser (S) Thr Thr (T) Ser Trp (W) Tyr Tyr (Y) Trp; Phe Val (V) Ile; Leu; Met Other conservative substitutions also are permissible and can be determined empirically or in accord with known conservative substitutions.

As used herein, a DNA construct is a single or double stranded, linear or circular DNA molecule that contains segments of DNA combined and juxtaposed in a manner not found in nature. DNA constructs exist as a result of human manipulation, and include clones and other copies of manipulated molecules.

As used herein, a DNA segment is a portion of a larger DNA molecule having specified attributes. For example, a DNA segment encoding a specified polypeptide is a portion of a longer DNA molecule, such as a plasmid or plasmid fragment, which, when read from the 5′ to 3′ direction, encodes the sequence of amino acids of the specified polypeptide.

As used herein, “primary sequence” refers to the sequence of amino acid residues in a polypeptide.

As used herein, “similarity” between two proteins or nucleic acids refers to the relatedness between the sequence of amino acids of the proteins or the nucleotide sequences of the nucleic acids. Similarity can be based on the degree of identity and/or homology of sequences of residues and the residues contained therein. Methods for assessing the degree of similarity between proteins or nucleic acids are known to those of skill in the art. For example, in one method of assessing sequence similarity, two amino acid or nucleotide sequences are aligned in a manner that yields a maximal level of identity between the sequences. “Identity” refers to the extent to which the amino acid or nucleotide sequences are invariant. Alignment of amino acid sequences, and to some extent nucleotide sequences, also can take into account conservative differences and/or frequent substitutions in amino acids (or nucleotides). Conservative differences are those that preserve the physico-chemical properties of the residues involved. Alignments can be global (alignment of the compared sequences over the entire length of the sequences and including all residues) or local (the alignment of a portion of the sequences that includes only the most similar region or regions).

As used herein, “at a position corresponding to” or recitation that nucleotides or amino acid positions “correspond to” nucleotides or amino acid positions in a disclosed sequence, such as set forth in the Sequence listing, refers to nucleotides or amino acid positions identified upon alignment with the disclosed sequence to maximize identity using a standard alignment algorithm, such as the GAP algorithm. For purposes herein, alignment of a labdenediol diphosphate synthase sequence is to the amino acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 54, and in particular SEQ ID NO:54. For purposes herein, alignment of a sclareol synthase sequence is to the amino acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 or 78, and in particular SEQ ID NO:31. By aligning the sequences, one skilled in the art can identify corresponding residues, for example, using conserved and identical amino acid residues as guides. In general, to identify corresponding positions, the sequences of amino acids are aligned so that the highest order match is obtained (see, e.g.: Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; Carillo et al. (1988) SIAM J Applied Math 48:1073). FIGS. 6A-6J exemplify exemplary alignments and identification of exemplary corresponding residues for replacement.

As used herein, “sequence identity” refers to the number of identical or similar amino acids or nucleotide bases in a comparison between a test and a reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. Sequence identity can be determined by sequence alignment of nucleic acid or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity or identity. For purposes herein, sequence identity is generally determined by alignment to identify identical residues. The alignment can be local or global. Matches, mismatches and gaps can be identified between compared sequences. Gaps are null amino acids or nucleotides inserted between the residues of aligned sequences so that identical or similar characters are aligned. Generally, there can be internal and terminal gaps. Sequence identity can be determined by taking into account gaps as the number of identical residues/length of the shortest sequence×100. When using gap penalties, sequence identity can be determined with no penalty for end gaps (e.g. terminal gaps are not penalized). Alternatively, sequence identity can be determined without taking into account gaps as the number of identical positions/length of the total aligned sequence×100.

As used herein, a “global alignment” is an alignment that aligns two sequences from beginning to end, aligning each letter in each sequence only once. An alignment is produced, regardless of whether or not there is similarity or identity between the sequences. For example, 50% sequence identity based on “global alignment” means that in an alignment of the full sequence of two compared sequences each of 100 nucleotides in length, 50% of the residues are the same. It is understood that global alignment also can be used in determining sequence identity even when the length of the aligned sequences is not the same. The differences in the terminal ends of the sequences will be taken into account in determining sequence identity, unless the “no penalty for end gaps” is selected. Generally, a global alignment is used on sequences that share significant similarity over most of their length. Exemplary algorithms for performing global alignment include the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman et al. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443). Exemplary programs for performing global alignment are publicly available and include the Global Sequence Alignment Tool available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), and the program available at deepc2.psi.iastate.edu/aat/align/align.html.

As used herein, a “local alignment” is an alignment that aligns two sequence, but only aligns those portions of the sequences that share similarity or identity. Hence, a local alignment determines if sub-segments of one sequence are present in another sequence. If there is no similarity, no alignment will be returned. Local alignment algorithms include BLAST or Smith-Waterman algorithm (Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482 (1981)). For example, 50% sequence identity based on “local alignment” means that in an alignment of the full sequence of two compared sequences of any length, a region of similarity or identity of 100 nucleotides in length has 50% of the residues that are the same in the region of similarity or identity.

For purposes herein, sequence identity can be determined by standard alignment algorithm programs used with default gap penalties established by each supplier or manually. Default parameters for the GAP program can include: (1) a unary comparison matrix (containing a value of 1 for identities and 0 for non identities) and the weighted comparison matrix of Gribskov et al. (1986) Nucl. Acids Res. 14:6745, as described by Schwartz and Dayhoff, eds., Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, National Biomedical Research Foundation, pp. 353-358 (1979); (2) a penalty of 3.0 for each gap and an additional 0.10 penalty for each symbol in each gap; and (3) no penalty for end gaps. Whether any two nucleic acid molecules have nucleotide sequences or any two polypeptides have amino acid sequences that are at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% “identical,” or other similar variations reciting a percent identity, can be determined using known computer algorithms based on local or global alignment (see e.g., wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment_software, providing links to dozens of known and publicly available alignment databases and programs). Generally, for purposes herein sequence identity is determined using computer algorithms based on global alignment, such as the Needleman-Wunsch Global Sequence Alignment tool available from NCBI/BLAST (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Web&Page_TYPE=BlastHome); LAlign (William Pearson implementing the Huang and Miller algorithm (Adv. Appl. Math. (1991) 12:337-357)); and program from Xiaoqui Huang available at deepc2.psi.iastate.edu/aat/align/align.html. Generally, when comparing nucleotide sequences herein, an alignment with penalty for end gaps is used. Local alignment also can be used when the sequences being compared are substantially the same length.

As used herein, the term “identity” represents a comparison between a test and a reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. In one non-limiting example, “at least 90% identical to” refers to percent identities from 90 to 100% relative to the reference polypeptides. Identity at a level of 90% or more is indicative of the fact that, assuming for exemplification purposes a test and reference polypeptide length of 100 amino acids are compared, no more than 10% (i.e., 10 out of 100) of amino acids in the test polypeptide differs from that of the reference polypeptides. Similar comparisons can be made between a test and reference polynucleotides. Such differences can be represented as point mutations randomly distributed over the entire length of an amino acid sequence or they can be clustered in one or more locations of varying length up to the maximum allowable, e.g., 10/100 amino acid difference (approximately 90% identity). Differences also can be due to deletions or truncations of amino acid residues. Differences are defined as nucleic acid or amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions. Depending on the length of the compared sequences, at the level of homologies or identities above about 85-90%, the result reasonably independent of the program and gap parameters set; such high levels of identity can be assessed readily, often without relying on software.

As used herein, the terms “substantially identical” or “similar” varies with the context as understood by those skilled in the relevant art, but that those of skill can assess such.

As used herein, an aligned sequence refers to the use of homology (similarity and/or identity) to align corresponding positions in a sequence of nucleotides or amino acids. Typically, two or more sequences that are related by about or 50% or more identity are aligned. An aligned set of sequences refers to 2 or more sequences that are aligned at corresponding positions and can include aligning sequences derived from RNAs, such as ESTs and other cDNAs, aligned with genomic DNA sequence.

As used herein, substantially pure means sufficiently homogeneous to appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by standard methods of analysis, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), used by those of skill in the art to assess such purity, or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical and chemical properties, such as enzymatic and biological activities, of the substance. Methods for purification of the compounds to produce substantially chemically pure compounds are known to those of skill in the art. A substantially chemically pure compound can, however, be a mixture of stereoisomers or isomers. In such instances, further purification might increase the specific activity of the compound.

As used herein, isolated or purified polypeptide or protein or biologically-active portion thereof is substantially free of cellular material or other contaminating proteins from the cell of tissue from which the protein is derived, or substantially free from chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Preparations can be determined to be substantially free if they appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by standard methods of analysis, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), used by those of skill in the art to assess such purity, or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical and chemical properties, such as proteolytic and biological activities, of the substance. Methods for purification of the compounds to produce substantially chemically pure compounds are known to those of skill in the art. A substantially chemically pure compound, however, can be a mixture of stereoisomers. In such instances, further purification might increase the specific activity of the compound.

As used herein, substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of labdenediol diphosphate synthase, sclareol synthase or terpene products in which the labdenediol diphosphate synthase, sclareol synthase or terpene product is separated from cellular components of the cells from which it is isolated or produced. In one embodiment, the term substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of labdenediol diphosphate synthase, sclareol synthase or terpene products having less that about or less than 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% or less (by dry weight) of non-labdenediol synthase, non-sclareol synthase or terpene proteins or products, including cell culture medium. When the synthase is recombinantly produced, it also is substantially free of culture medium, i.e., culture medium represents less than about or at 20%, 10% or 5% of the volume of the synthase protein preparation.

As used herein, the term substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals includes preparations of synthase proteins in which the protein is separated from chemical precursors or other chemicals that are involved in the synthesis of the protein. The term includes preparations of synthase proteins having less than about or less than 30% (by dry weight), 20%, 10%, 5% or less of chemical precursors or non-synthase chemicals or components.

As used herein, synthetic, with reference to, for example, a synthetic nucleic acid molecule or a synthetic gene or a synthetic peptide refers to a nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide molecule that is produced by recombinant methods and/or by chemical synthesis methods.

As used herein, production by recombinant methods by using recombinant DNA methods refers to the use of the well known methods of molecular biology for expressing proteins encoded by cloned DNA.

As used herein, vector (or plasmid) refers to discrete DNA elements that are used to introduce heterologous nucleic acid into cells for either expression or replication thereof. The vectors typically remain episomal, but can be designed to effect integration of a gene or portion thereof into a chromosome of the genome. Also contemplated are vectors that are artificial chromosomes, such as bacterial artificial chromosomes, yeast artificial chromosomes and mammalian artificial chromosomes. Selection and use of such vehicles are well known to those of skill in the art.

As used herein, expression refers to the process by which nucleic acid is transcribed into mRNA and translated into peptides, polypeptides, or proteins. If the nucleic acid is derived from genomic DNA, expression can, if an appropriate eukaryotic host cell or organism is selected, include processing, such as splicing of the mRNA.

As used herein, an expression vector includes vectors capable of expressing DNA that is operatively linked with regulatory sequences, such as promoter regions, that are capable of effecting expression of such DNA fragments. Such additional segments can include promoter and terminator sequences, and optionally can include one or more origins of replication, one or more selectable markers, an enhancer, a polyadenylation signal, and the like. Expression vectors are generally derived from plasmid or viral DNA, or can contain elements of both. Thus, an expression vector refers to a recombinant DNA or RNA construct, such as a plasmid, a phage, recombinant virus or other vector that, upon introduction into an appropriate host cell, results in expression of the cloned DNA. Appropriate expression vectors are well known to those of skill in the art and include those that are replicable in eukaryotic cells and/or prokaryotic cells and those that remain episomal or those which integrate into the host cell genome.

As used herein, vector also includes “virus vectors” or “viral vectors.” Viral vectors are engineered viruses that are operatively linked to exogenous genes to transfer (as vehicles or shuttles) the exogenous genes into cells. Viral vectors include, but are not limited to, adenoviral vectors, retroviral vectors and vaccinia virus vectors.

As used herein, operably or operatively linked when referring to DNA segments means that the segments are arranged so that they function in concert for their intended purposes, e.g., transcription initiates downstream of the promoter and upstream of any transcribed sequences. The promoter is usually the domain to which the transcriptional machinery binds to initiate transcription and proceeds through the coding segment to the terminator.

As used herein, a “chimeric protein” or “fusion protein” refers to a polypeptide operatively-linked to a different polypeptide. For example, a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid sequence containing a coding sequence from one nucleic acid molecule and the coding sequence from another nucleic acid molecule in which the coding sequences are in the same reading frame such that when the fusion construct is transcribed and translated in a host cell, the protein is produced containing the two proteins. The two molecules can be adjacent in the construct or separated by a linker polypeptide that contains, 1, 2, 3, or more, but typically fewer than 10, 9, 8, 7, or 6 amino acids. The protein product encoded by a fusion construct is referred to as a fusion polypeptide. A chimeric or fusion protein provided herein can include one or more labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides, or a portion thereof, and/or one or more sclareol synthase polypeptides, or a portion thereof, and/or one or more other polypeptides for any one or more of a transcriptional/translational control signals, signal sequences, a tag for localization, a tag for purification, part of a domain of an immunoglobulin G, and/or a targeting agent. A chimeric labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide or sclareol synthase polypeptide also includes those having their endogenous domains or regions of the polypeptide exchanged with another polypeptide. These chimeric or fusion proteins include those produced by recombinant means as fusion proteins, those produced by chemical means, such as by chemical coupling, through, for example, coupling to sulfhydryl groups, and those produced by any other method whereby at least one polypeptide (i.e. labdenediol diphosphate synthase and/or sclareol synthase), or a portion thereof, is linked, directly or indirectly via linker(s) to another polypeptide.

As used herein, the term assessing or determining includes quantitative and qualitative determination in the sense of obtaining an absolute value for the activity of a product, and also of obtaining an index, ratio, percentage, visual or other value indicative of the level of the activity. Assessment can be direct or indirect.

As used herein, recitation that a polypeptide “consists essentially” of a recited sequence of amino acids means that only the recited portion, or a fragment thereof, of the full-length polypeptide is present. The polypeptide can optionally, and generally will, include additional amino acids from another source or can be inserted into another polypeptide

As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to polypeptide, comprising “an amino acid replacement” includes polypeptides with one or a plurality of amino acid replacements.

As used herein, ranges and amounts can be expressed as “about” a particular value or range. About also includes the exact amount. Hence “about 5%” means “about 5%” and also “5%.”

As used herein, “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance does or does not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, an optional step of isolating labdenediol diphosphate means that the labdenediol diphosphate is isolated or is not isolated, or, an optional stop of isolating sclareol means that the sclareol is isolated or is not isolated.

As used herein, the abbreviations for any protective groups, amino acids and other compounds, are, unless indicated otherwise, in accord with their common usage, recognized abbreviations, or the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (see, (1972) Biochem. 11:1726).

For clarity of disclosure, and not by way of limitation, the detailed description is divided into the subsections that follow.

B. Pathways and Products Overview

Plant extracts provide valuable sources of oils for perfumes, biofuels and other such products. Generally the price and availability of plant natural extracts depends on the abundance, oil yield and geographical location of the plants. In addition, the availability and quality of natural extracts depends on climate and other local conditions leading to variability from year to year, rendering the use of such ingredients in high quality perfumery very difficult or even impossible some years. Sclareol is one such product. Sclareol is a starting material for the synthesis of fragrance molecules with ambergris notes. Ambergris is a waxy substance secreted by the intestines of sperm whale that is used as a perfume ingredient due to its pleasant odor. Due to its high price and increasing demand for ambergris, in combination with the protection of whale species, chemical syntheses of ambergris and ambergris like fragrance molecules have been developed. One such molecule is (−)-ambroxide (1,5,5,9-tetra-13-oxatricyclo[8.3.0.0^(4,9)]tridecane; (3aR,5aS,9aS,9bR)-3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-2,4,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydro-1H-benzo[e][1]benzofuran) which is widely used as a substitute for ambergris.

Although chemical approaches have been taken to generate sclareol, its highly complex structure renders economic synthetic process for its preparation in large quantities unattainable. There remains a need for efficient, cost-effective syntheses of sclareol, and additionally (−)-ambroxide. Thus, provided herein are LPP and sclareol synthases from Nicotiana glutinosa, and variants and modified forms thereof, for production of sclareol from GGPP. Also provided herein are methods of making sclareol from GGPP using the provided LPP and sclareol synthases. Also provided herein are methods of making (−)-ambroxide from either (1) geranylgeranyl diphosphate and/or (2) sclareol. The provided LPP and sclareol synthases provide for production of these valuable products, including sclareol and (−)-ambroxide in commercially useful quantities and in a cost effective and energy efficient manner.

Pathway

Provided herein are synthases sclareol synthase and LPP synthase that together in a two step reaction catalyze the production of sclareol from GGPP. LPP synthase catalyzes production of LPP from GGPP, and sclareol synthase catalyzes the production of sclareol from LPP. Sclareol then can be converted into ambroxide via various chemical conversions, including but not limited to 1) oxidative degradation followed by reduction and cyclization (see FIG. 2A); and 2) biochemical conversion to sclareolide followed by reduction and cyclization (see FIG. 2B).

Sclareol ((−)-(13R)-14-labdene-8α,13-diol) is a diterpene that occurs in plants, including in the foliage of the tobacco plant Nicotiana glutinosa, flowerheads of clary sage (Salvia sclarea), Astragalus brachystachys, Cistus labdaniferus, Cupressu sempervivens and Nicotiana tabacum (see, e.g., Banthorpe et al. (1990) Phytochemistry 29:2145-2148 and Banthorpe et al. (1992) Phytochemistry 31:3391-3395). Sclareol is produced biosynthetically in a two step process from GGPP (see FIGS. 1A-1C). In the first step, the class II diterpene synthase labdenediol diphosphate (LPP) synthase catalyzes production of labdenediol diphosphate (LPP) from GGPP, and in the second step, the class I diterpene synthase sclareol synthase catalyzes production of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. Sclareol also can be generated non-catalytically from labdenediol diphosphate by acid rearrangement under acidic conditions. Diterpene synthases labdenediol diphosphate synthase and sclareol synthase are described in further detail herein below.

Diterpene Synthases

Diterpene synthases are among terpene synthases which are classified based upon the terpene products whose production they catalyze. Diterpene synthases contain an element that is conserved in sequence and position among almost all diterpene synthase regardless of cyclization mechanisms (see, e.g., Bohlmann et al., (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:4126-4133; Mau et al. (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8497-8501). Because of this element, diterpene synthases contain about 210 more amino acids than monoterpene synthase. In plants, diterpene synthases occur in plastids. Transport between compartments is controlled by a transport mechanism that recognizes a N-terminal transit peptide signal. Thus, diterpene synthases are generally expressed as pre-proteins and are processed in the plastids by cleavage of the peptide signal resulting in the mature protein.

1. Labdenediol Diphosphate (LPP) Synthase

Labdenediol diphosphate synthases are class II plant terpene cyclases, or terpene synthases, isoprenoid synthases or terpene cyclases, which convert geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) into the diterpene labdenediol diphosphate (see FIG. 1B). Labdenediol diphosphate then can be converted to sclareol by the class I plant terpene cyclase sclareol synthase. LPP synthases have been isolated from flower buds of the clary sage (Salvia sclarea) (SEQ ID NOS:57-59) (see, International PCT application Nos. WO2009/044336, WO2009/095366 and WO2009/101126). The LPP synthases provided herein possess less than 50% sequence homology with the LPP synthase from clary sage. For example, the LPP synthase exemplified herein (SEQ ID NO: 10) possesses only 44% sequence identity to the LPP synthase from clary sage (SEQ ID NO:58). Alignments of S. sclarea and N. glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthases are shown in FIGS. 4A-4C.

a. Structure

Class II diterpene cyclases include a diverse group of terpene synthases that share a common modular assembly of three α-helical domains (Köksal et al. (2011) Nat. Chem. Biol. 7(7):431-433). Although diverse in sequence, class II terpene cyclases have homologous structures and highly conserved motifs and/or residues. In its catalytic site, each terpene cyclase provides a template that binds the flexible isoprenoid substrate with an orientation and conformation such that upon cyclization, a specific intramolecular carbon-carbon bond is formed. The structure of each enzyme's catalytic site dictates the resulting cyclic monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes. Class II terpenoid cyclases initiate carbocation formation by acid catalysis using an aspartic acid of the DxDD motif (SEQ ID NO:103) to protonate an isoprenoid double bond.

X-ray crystal structure of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (Köksal et al. (2011) Nat. Chem. Biol. 7(7):431-433) reveals that class II diterpene synthases contain three α-helical domains, including the α domain, β domain and γ domain. The γ domain is inserted into the β domain, thus splitting the β domain into the β1 and β2 domains. The C-terminal catalytic domain, or α domain, has a class I terpenoid cyclase fold that lacks the class I active site motifs, while the N-terminal domain, or β domain, and the insertion domain, or γ domain, adopt a double α-barrel class II terpenoid synthase fold. The class II active site DxDD motif (SEQ ID NO:103) is located in the β domain. The active site is located in a deep cavity at the βγ interface and is generally hydrophobic being lined by numerous aliphatic and aromatic residues.

Amino acids 537-801 of SEQ ID NO:31 form the C-terminal a domain of N. glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase. Amino acids 111-326 are part of the γ domain, or insertion domain, which are inserted into the β domain, set forth in amino acids 88-110 and 327-536 of SEQ ID NO:31. The active site DXDDTXM motif (SEQ ID NO:79) is located in the β2 domain, in Loop 14 and Helix N. The structural domains are as follows: Helix A, amino acids 89-103 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 1, amino acids 104-113 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix B, amino acids 114-121 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 2, amino acids 122-138 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix C, amino acids 139-146 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 3, amino acids 147-161 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix D, amino acids 162-177 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 4, amino acids 178-182 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix E, amino acids 183-200 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 5, amino acids 201-211 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix F1, amino acids 212-225 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 7, amino acids 226-239 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix G, amino acids 240-248 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 8, amino acids 249-252 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix H, amino acids 253-256 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 9, amino acids 257-275 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix I, amino acids 276-281 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 10, amino acids 282-292 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix J, amino acids 293-302 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 11, amino acids 303-306 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix K, amino acids 307-318 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 12, amino acids 319-328 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix L, amino acids 329-343 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 13, amino acids 344-349 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix M, amino acids 350-363 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 14, amino acids 364-380 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix N, amino acids 381-394 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 15, amino acids 395-422 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix O, amino acids 423-433 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 16, amino acids 434-441 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix P, amino acids 442-460 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 17, amino acids 461-472 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix Q, amino acids 473-482 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 18, amino acids 483-489 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix R, amino acids 490-498 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 19, amino acids 499-522 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix S, amino acids 523-551 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 20, amino acids 552-561 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix T, amino acids 562-575 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 21, amino acids of 576-581 SEQ ID NO:2; Helix U, amino acids 582-600 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 22, amino acids 601-613 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix V, amino acids 614-623 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 23, amino acids 624-633 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix W, amino acids 634-654 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 24, amino acids 655-661 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix X, amino acids 662-675 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 25, amino acids 676-678 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix Y, amino acids 679-686 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 26, amino acids 687-709 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix Z1, amino acids 710-730 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 28, amino acids 731-737 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix AA, amino acids 738-754 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 29, amino acids 755-764 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix AB, amino acids 765-782 of SEQ ID NO:2; Loop 30, amino acids 783-788 of SEQ ID NO:2; Helix AC, amino acids 789-796 of SEQ ID NO:2 and Loop 31, amino acids 797-801 of SEQ ID NO:2.

b. Activity

Labdenediol diphosphate synthase catalyzes the formation of labdenediol diphosphate (13-E)-labda-13-ene-8α,15-diol) from geranylgeranyl diphosphate by protonating the terminal bond of GGPP, leading to internal rearrangement and proton elimination, thereby yielding labdenediol diphosphate (see FIG. 1C).

2. Sclareol Synthase

Sclareol synthase can catalyze conversion of LPP to sclareol. Sclareol synthases or sclareol cyclases are class 1 plant terpene cyclases, or terpene synthases, isoprenoid synthases or terpenoid cyclases that catalyze conversion of labdenediol diphosphate into the diterpene sclareol (see FIG. 1C). Sclareol has been identified in the foliage of the tobacco plant Nicotiana glutinosa and in flowerheads of clary sage (Salvia sclarea). Sclareol synthases have been isolated from flowers of the clary sage (Salvia sclarea) (SEQ ID NOS:60-62) (see, e.g., International PCT application Nos. WO2009/044336, WO2009/095366 and WO2009/101126). The sclareol synthases provided herein possess less than 50% sequence homology with the sclareol synthases from clary sage. For example, the sclareol synthase exemplified herein in SEQ ID NO:40 shares only 32 percent homology with the sclareol synthase from clary sage (SEQ ID NO:60). Alignments of S. sclarea and N. glutinosa sclareol synthases are shown in FIGS. 4D-4F.

a. Structure

Class I plant terpene cyclases include a diverse group of monomeric terpene synthases that share a common alpha helical architecture termed the class 1 terpenoid cyclase fold (see, e.g., Köksal et al. (2011) Nature 469:116-120; Thou et al. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287:6840-6850). Class I plant terpene cyclases share homologous structures and some highly conserved motifs and/or residues. Class I terpenoid cyclases use a trinuclear metal, e.g. Mg²⁺, cluster, bound to conserved metal binding motifs DDxxD (SEQ ID NO:80) and [N/D]xxx[S/T]xxxE (NTE motif; SEQ ID NO:99) to trigger ionization of the isoprenoid substrate diphosphate group, which generates a carbocation to initiate catalysis.

X-ray crystal structures of diterpene cyclases taxadiene synthase and abietadiene synthase (Köksal et al. (2011) Nature 469:116-120; Zhou et al. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287:6840-6850) reveal that these enzymes contain three α-helical domains, including the α domain, β domain and γ domain. The γ domain is inserted into the β domain, thus splitting the β domain into the β1 and β2 domains. The C-terminal catalytic domain, or α domain, is a class I terpenoid cyclase containing a three-metal ion cluster while the N-terminal domain, or β domain, and the insertion domain, or γ domain, adopt a double α-barrel class II terpenoid synthase fold that lacks the class II active site motif. The class I active site aspartic acid motifs DDXXD (SEQ ID NO:80) and (N/D)DXX(S/T)XXXE (NTE motif; SEQ ID NO:101) are located in the α domain.

Amino acids 477-788 of SEQ ID NO:36 form the C-terminal a domain of N. glutinosa sclareol synthase. Amino acids 63-278 form the γ, or insertion, domain, which is inserted into the β domain, set forth in amino acids 107-135 and 349-552 of SEQ ID NO:36. The DDXXD motif (539-DDFFD-543 of SEQ ID NO:36) and the NTE motif (684-NDIHSYKRE-692 of SEQ ID NO:26) of sclareol synthase are located in the α domain, in Helix V (DDXXD motif) and Helix AC and Loop 30 (NTE motif). Sclareol synthase contains the following structural domains: Loop 1, amino acids 40-41 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix A, amino acids 42-54 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 2, amino acids 55-65 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix B, amino acids 66-73 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 3, amino acids 74-87 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix C, amino acids 88-95 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 4, amino acids 96-112 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix D, amino acids 113-129 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 5, amino acids 130-133 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix E, amino acids 134-148 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 6, amino acids 149-161 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix F, amino acids 162-176 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 7, amino acids 177-184 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix G, amino acids 185-199 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 8, amino acids 200-202 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix H, amino acids 203-207 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 9, amino acids 208-225 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix I, amino acids 226-230 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 10, amino acids 231-242 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix J, amino acids 243-251 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 11, amino acids 242-257 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix K, amino acids 258-270 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 12, amino acids 271-280 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix L, amino acids 281-295 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 13, amino acids 296-301 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix M, amino acids 302-315 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 14, amino acids 316-326 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix N, amino acids 327-339 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 15, amino acids 340-346 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix O, amino acids 347-351 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 16, amino acids 352-368 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix P, amino acids 369-379 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 17, amino acids 380-389 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix Q, amino acids 390-406 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 18, amino acids 407-414 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix R, amino acids 415-424 of SEQ ID NO:36, amino acids 425-430 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 19, amino acids 431-441 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix S, amino acids 442-462 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 20, amino acids 463-491 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix T, amino acids 492-501 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 21; Helix U, amino acids 505-513 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 22, amino acids 514-521 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix V, amino acids 522-543 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 23, amino acids 544-547 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix W, amino acids 548-560 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 24, amino acids 561-571 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix X, amino acids 572-596 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 25, amino acids 579-600 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix Y, amino acids 601-619 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 26, amino acids 620-630 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix Z, amino acids 631-641 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 27, amino acids 642-644 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix AA, amino acids 645-652 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 28, amino acids 653-660 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix AB, amino acids 661-664 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 29, amino acids 665-670 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix AC, amino acids 671-685 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 30, amino acids 686-688 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix AD, amino acids 689-692 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 31, amino acids 693-700 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix AE, amino acids 701-708 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 32, amino acids 709-713 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix AF, amino acids 714-738 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 33, amino acids 739-746 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix AG, amino acids 747-762 of SEQ ID NO:36; Loop 34, amino acids 763-774 of SEQ ID NO:36; Helix AH, amino acids 775-785 of SEQ ID NO:36; and Loop 35, amino acids 783-788 of SEQ ID NO:36.

b. Activity

Sclareol synthases catalyzes the formation of sclareol ((−)-(13R)-14-labdene-8α,13-diol) from labdenediol diphosphate (13-E)-labda-13-ene-8α,15-diol) by catalyzing the ionization of the diphosphate ester functional group of LPP followed by the reaction of the carbocation with an internal double bond (see FIG. 1C).

3. (−)-Ambroxide

Sclareol can be converted to (−)-ambroxide through various chemical conversions (see FIGS. 2A-2C and Example 12). In one example, sclareol is subjected to oxidative degradation followed by reduction and cyclization thus forming (−)-ambroxide (e.g. see FIG. 2A, Scheme II; and Barrero et al. (1993) Tetrahedron 49(45): 10405-10412; Barrero et al., (2004) Synthetic Communications 34(19):3631-3643). In another example, sclareol is biochemically converted to sclareolide by the organism Cryptococcus magnus ATCC 20918. Subsequent reduction of sclareolide and cyclization results in the formation of (−)-ambroxide (see FIG. 2B, Scheme III). Alternatively, (−)-ambroxide is generated from geranylgeranyl diphosphate as shown in FIG. 2C, Scheme IV.

C. Labdenediol Diphosphate (LPP) Synthase and Sclareol Synthase Polypeptides and Encoding Nucleic Acid Molecules

Provided herein are labdenediol diphosphate (LPP) synthase polypeptides. Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein. The labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides provided herein catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate and/or other terpenes from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, including, but not limited to FPP, GPP and GGPP. Of interest herein is the production of LPP from GGPP. In some examples, the nucleic acid molecules that encode the LPP synthase polypeptides are those that are the same as those that are isolated from the tobacco plant Nicotiana glutinosa. In other examples, the nucleic acid molecules and encoded LPP synthase polypeptides are variants of those isolated from the tobacco plant Nicotiana glutinosa.

Also provided herein are modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the modified LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein. The modifications can be made in any region of a labdenediol diphosphate synthase provided the resulting modified LPP synthase polypeptide at least retains labdenediol diphosphate synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate synthase from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, typically GGPP).

The modifications can include codon optimization of the nucleic acids and/or changes that results in a single amino acid modification in the encoded polypeptide, such as single amino acid replacements (substitutions), insertions or deletions, or multiple amino acid modifications, such as multiple amino acid replacements, insertions or deletions, including swaps of regions or domains of the polypeptide. In some examples, entire or partial domains or regions, such as any domain or region described herein below, are exchanged with corresponding domains or regions or portions thereof from another terpene synthase. Exemplary of modifications are amino acid replacements, including single or multiple amino acid replacements. For example, modified LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein can contain at least or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120 or more modified positions compared to the LPP synthase polypeptide not containing the modification.

Also provided herein are LPP synthase polypeptides that exhibit at least 60% amino acid sequence identity to a LPP synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14. For example, the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein can exhibit at least or at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity to a LPP synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14, provided the resulting modified LPP synthase polypeptide at least retains labdenediol diphosphate synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate synthase from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, typically GGPP). Percent identity can be determined by one skilled in the art using standard alignment programs.

Provided herein are sclareol synthase polypeptides. Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein. The sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. Also provided herein are modified sclareol synthase polypeptides and nucleic acid molecules encoding the modified sclareol polypeptides. The modifications can include codon optimization of the nucleic acids and/or can be made in any region of a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided the resulting modified sclareol synthase polypeptide at least retains sclareol synthase activity (i.e., the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol pyrophosphate).

The modifications can be a single amino acid modification, such as single amino acid replacements (substitutions), insertions or deletions, or multiple amino acid modifications, such as multiple amino acid replacements, insertions or deletions. In some examples, entire or partial domains or regions, such as any domain or region described herein below, are exchanged with corresponding domains or regions or portions thereof from another terpene synthase. Exemplary of modification are amino acid replacements, including single or multiple amino acid replacements. For example, modified sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein can contain at least or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120 or more modified positions compared to the sclareol synthase polypeptide not containing the modification.

Also provided herein are sclareol synthase polypeptides that exhibit at least 60% amino acid sequence identity to a sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:36, 38, 40 and 78. For example, the sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein can exhibit at least or at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity to a sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:36, 38, 40 and 78, provided the resulting modified sclareol synthase polypeptide at least retains sclareol synthase activity (i.e., the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol pyrophosphate). Percent identity can be determined by one skilled in the art using standard alignment programs.

Also, in some examples, provided herein are catalytically active fragments of LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptides. In some examples, the active fragments of LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptides are modified as described above. Such fragments retain one or more properties of a full-length LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptide. Typically, the active fragments exhibit labdenediol diphosphate or sclareol synthase activity (i.e., catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate and sclareol, respectively).

The LPP and/or sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein can contain other modifications, for example, modifications not in the primary sequence of the polypeptide, including post-translational modifications. For example, modification described herein can be in a labdenediol diphosphate synthase or sclareol synthase that is a fusion polypeptide or chimeric polypeptide, including hybrids of different LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptides or different terpene synthase polypeptides (e.g. contain one or more domains or regions from another terpene synthase) and also synthetic LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptides prepared recombinantly or synthesized or constructed by other methods known in the art based upon the sequence of known polypeptides.

Provided herein are sclareol synthase fusion polypeptides having a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:90, 92 and 94. Also provided herein are sclareol synthase fusion polypeptides having a sequence of amino acids that is that exhibits at least 60% amino acid sequence identity to a sclareol synthase fusion polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:90, 92 and 94. For example, the sclareol synthase fusion polypeptides provided herein can exhibit at least or at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity to a sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 90, 92 and 94, provided the resulting modified sclareol synthase fusion polypeptide at least retains sclareol synthase activity (i.e., the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol pyrophosphate). Percent identity can be determined by one skilled in the art using standard alignment programs.

Provided herein are sclareol synthase chimeric polypeptides having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:86, or having a sequence of amino acids exhibits at least 60% amino acid sequence identity to a sclareol synthase chimeric polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:86. For example, the sclareol synthase chimeric polypeptide provided herein can exhibit at least or at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity to a sclareol synthase chimeric polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:86, provided the resulting modified sclareol synthase fusion polypeptide at least retains sclareol synthase activity (i.e., the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol pyrophosphate). Percent identity can be determined by one skilled in the art using standard alignment programs.

The LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein can be used to catalyze production of labdenediol diphosphate and sclareol respectively. Typically, the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from GGPP. Reactions can be performed in vivo, such as in a host cell into which the nucleic acid has been introduced. At least one of the polypeptides will be heterologous to the host. Reactions also can be performed in vitro by contacting with the enzyme with the appropriate substrate under appropriate conditions.

In embodiments provided herein, the sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. In some examples, provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding an LPP synthase and an sclareol synthase provided herein. In such examples, expression of the nucleic acid molecule in a suitable host, for example, a bacterial or yeast cell, results in expression of LPP synthase and sclareol synthase. Such cells can be used to produce the LPP and sclareol synthases and/or to perform reactions in vivo to produce LPP and/or sclareol and or both. For example sclareol can be generated in a yeast cell host from GGPP, particularly a yeast cell that overproduces the acyclic terpene precursor GGPP.

1. Labdenediol Diphosphate (LPP) Synthase Polypeptides

Provided herein are labdenediol diphosphate (LPP) synthase polypeptides. Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein. The labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides provided herein catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate and/or other terpenes from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, including, but not limited to FPP, GPP and GGPP. Typically, the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from GGPP.

For example, provided herein are LPP synthase polypeptides that have a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. Also provided herein are variants of LPP synthase polypeptides that have a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14. In some examples, the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides contain a N-terminal 55 amino acid chloroplast transit sequence (set forth in SEQ ID NO:43 or 100). For example, the LPP synthase polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4 and 6 contain a chloroplast transit sequence (amino acids 1-55) and an LPP synthase (amino acids 56-801). Exemplary of LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein are the LPP synthase polypeptides having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 and/or 14.

Also provided herein are LPP synthase polypeptides that exhibit at least 60% amino acid sequence identity to a LPP synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 54. For example, the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein can exhibit at least or at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% or more amino acid sequence identity to a LPP synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 54, provided the LPP synthase polypeptides exhibit labdenediol synthase activity (i.e., catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate). Percent identity can be determined by one skilled in the art using standard alignment programs.

Also, in some examples, provided herein are active fragments of labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides having a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 54. Such fragments retain one or more properties of a LPP synthase. Typically, the active fragments exhibit LPP synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as GGPP). In particular examples, the active fragments are truncated at their N-terminus.

Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that have a sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:53, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13, or degenerates thereof, that encode an LLP synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NOS:54, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14, respectively. Also provided herein are nucleic acids encoding an LPP synthase polypeptide having at least 85% sequence identity to a sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:53, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13. For example, the nucleic acid molecules provided herein can exhibit at least or about at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 95%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% or more sequence identity to a sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:53, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13, so long as the encoded LPP synthase polypeptides exhibit labdenediol synthase activity (i.e., catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate). Also provided herein are degenerate sequences of any of those set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:53, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13, encoding an LLP synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NOS:54, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14, respectively. Percent identity can be determined by one skilled in the art using standard alignment programs. In some examples, the nucleic acid molecules that encode the LPP synthase polypeptides are isolated from the tobacco plant Nicotiana glutinosa. In other examples, the nucleic acid molecules and encoded LPP synthase polypeptides are variants of those isolated from the tobacco plant Nicotiana glutinosa.

a. Modified Labdenediol Diphosphate Synthase Polypeptides

Provided herein are modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides. Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the modified LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein. The modifications can be made in any region of a labdenediol diphosphate synthase provided the resulting modified LPP synthase polypeptide at least retains labdenediol diphosphate synthase activity (i.e., the ability to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, typically GGPP).

The modifications can be a single amino acid modification, such as single amino acid replacements (substitutions), insertions or deletions, or multiple amino acid modifications, such as multiple amino acid replacements, insertions or deletions. In some examples, entire or partial domains or regions, such as any domain or region described herein below, are exchanged with corresponding domains or regions or portions thereof from another terpene synthase. Exemplary of modifications are amino acid replacements, including single or multiple amino acid replacements. For example, modified LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein can contain at least or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120 or more modified positions compared to the LPP synthase polypeptide not containing the modification.

The modifications described herein can be in any labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide. Typically, the modifications are made in a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide provided herein. For example, the modifications described herein can be in a LPP synthase polypeptide as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:54, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 or any variant thereof, including any that have at least 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a LPP synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:54, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14.

In particular, the modified LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein contain amino acid replacements or substitutions, additions or deletions, truncations or combinations thereof with reference to the LPP synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. It is within the level of one of skill in the art to make such modifications in LPP synthase polypeptides, such as any set forth in SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 or any variant thereof. Based on this description, it is within the level of one of skill in the art to generate a LPP synthase containing any one or more of the described mutation, and test each for LPP synthase activity as described herein.

Also, in some examples, provided herein are modified active fragments of labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides that contain any of the modifications provided herein. Such fragments retain one or more properties of a LPP synthase. Typically, the modified active fragments exhibit LPP synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as GGPP).

Modifications in a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide also can be made to a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide that also contains other modifications, including modifications of the primary sequence and modifications not in the primary sequence of the polypeptide. For example, modification described herein can be in a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide that is a fusion polypeptide or chimeric polypeptide, including hybrids of different labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides or different terpene synthase polypeptides (e.g. contain one or more domains or regions from another terpene synthase) and also synthetic labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides prepared recombinantly or synthesized or constructed by other methods known in the art based upon the sequence of known polypeptides.

In some examples, the modifications are amino acid replacements. In further examples, the modified LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein contain one or more modifications in a structural domain such as the α, β1, γ or β2 domain. As described elsewhere herein, the modifications in a domain or structural domain can be by replacement of corresponding heterologous residues from another terpene synthase.

To retain LPP synthase activity, modifications typically are not made at those positions that are necessary for LPP synthase activity, i.e., in the active site DxDD (SEQ ID NO:103) motif. For example, generally modifications are not made at a position corresponding to position D380, D382 or D383, with reference to a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID. NO:54.

Exemplary amino acid substitutions (or replacements) that can be included in the modified labdenediol diphosphate synthases provided herein include, but are not limited to, amino acid replacement corresponding to L31F, S72F, D151N, A242T, D272G, R342C, K441R, R478G, I661V, A674V, I719T, V751A, A772T, V783A, F797L or Q798H in a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. It is understood that the replacements can be made in the corresponding position in another LPP synthase polypeptide by alignment therewith with the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:54 (see, e.g., FIGS. 6A-6J), whereby the corresponding position is the aligned position. In particular examples, the amino acid replacement(s) can be at the corresponding position in a LPP synthase polypeptide set forth in an of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 or a variant thereof having at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 86%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity thereto, so long as the resulting modified LPP synthase polypeptide exhibits at least one LPP synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as GGPP).

In particular examples, provided herein is a modified LPP synthase polypeptide containing an amino acid replacement or replacements at a position or positions corresponding to 31, 72, 151, 242, 272, 342, 441, 478, 661, 674, 719, 751, 772, 783, 797 or 798 with reference to the amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. For example, the amino acid positions can be replacements at positions corresponding to replacement of Leucine (L) at position 31, S72, D151, A242, D272, R342, K441, R478, I661, A674, I719, V751, A772, V783, F797 or Q798 with reference to the amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. Exemplary amino acid replacements in the modified LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein include, but are not limited to, replacement with phenylalanine (F) at a position corresponding to position 31; F at a position corresponding to position 72; N at a position corresponding to position 151; T at a position corresponding to position 242; G at a position corresponding to position 272; C at a position corresponding to position 342; R at a position corresponding to position 441; G at a position corresponding to position 478; V at a position corresponding to position 661; V at a position corresponding to position 674; T at a position corresponding to position 719; A at a position corresponding to position 751; T at a position corresponding to position 772; A at a position corresponding to position 783; L at a position corresponding to position 797; and/or replacement with H at a position corresponding to position 798, each with reference to amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. In some examples, the modifications are conservative modifications, for example, a modification set forth in Table 2.

The modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides can contain any one or more of the recited amino acid substitutions, in any combination, with or without additional modifications. Generally, multiple modifications provided herein can be combined by one of skill in the art so long as the modified polypeptide retains the ability to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate and/or other terpenes from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, including, but not limited to, FPP, GPP and GGPP. In some examples, the resulting modified LPP synthase polypeptide exhibits similar or increased labdenediol diphosphate production from GGPP compared to the unmodified LPP synthase polypeptide. In some instances, the resulting modified LPP synthase polypeptide exhibits decreased labdenediol diphosphate production from GGPP compared to the unmodified LPP synthase polypeptide.

Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides provided herein. In particular examples, the nucleic acid sequence can be codon optimized, for example, to increase expression levels of the encoded sequence. The particular codon usage is dependent on the host organism in which the modified polypeptide is expressed. One of skill in the art is familiar with optimal codons for expression in bacteria or yeast, including for example E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For example, codon usage information is available from the Codon Usage Database available at kazusa.or.jp.codon (see Richmond (2000) Genome Biology, 1:241 for a description of the database). See also, Forsburg (2004) Yeast, 10:1045-1047; Brown et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Research, 19:4298; Sharp et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Research, 12:8207-8211; Sharp et al. (1991) Yeast, 657-78. In examples herein, nucleic acid sequences provided herein are codon optimized based on codon usage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The modified polypeptides and encoding nucleic acid molecules provided herein can be produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques known to one of skill in the art. Any method known in the art to effect mutation of any one or more amino acids in a target protein can be employed. Methods include standard site-directed or random mutagenesis of encoding nucleic acid molecules, or solid phase polypeptide synthesis methods. For example, as described herein, nucleic acid molecules encoding a LPP synthase polypeptide can be subjected to mutagenesis, such as random mutagenesis of the encoding nucleic acid, by error-prone PCR, site-directed mutagenesis, overlap PCR, gene shuffling, or other recombinant methods. The nucleic acid encoding the polypeptides then can be introduced into a host cell to be expressed heterologously. Hence, also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the modified polypeptides provided herein. In some examples, the modified LPP synthase polypeptides are produced synthetically, such as using solid phase or solutions phase peptide synthesis.

b. Truncated LPP Synthase Polypeptides

Also provided herein are truncated labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides. The truncated LPP synthase polypeptides can be truncated at the N-terminus or the C-terminus, so long as the truncated LPP synthase polypeptides retain catalytic activity of a LPP synthase. Typically, the truncated LPP synthase polypeptides exhibit LPP synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as GGPP). In some examples, the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein are truncated at the N-terminus. In other examples, the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein are truncated at the C-terminus. In yet other examples, the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein are truncated at the N-terminus and C-terminus.

In some examples, the LPP synthase polypeptides are truncated at the N-terminus, C-terminus or both termini of a LPP synthase polypeptide provided herein, such as truncation of a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:54, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14. In other examples, any of the modified LPP synthases provided herein are truncated. In some examples, the LPP synthase polypeptides are truncated at their N-terminus. For example, any LPP synthase polypeptide provided herein can be truncated by at or about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 or more amino acid residues at the N-terminus, provided the LPP synthase polypeptide retains LPP activity. In other examples, any LPP synthase polypeptide provided herein can be truncated by at or about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 or more amino acid residues at the C-terminus, provided the LPP synthase polypeptide retains LPP activity.

c. LPP Synthase Polypeptides with Altered Activities and/or Properties

The modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides provided herein can also exhibit changes in activities and/or properties. The modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase can exhibit, for example, increased catalytic activity, increased substrate (e.g. GGPP) binding, increased stability and/or increased expression in a host cell. Such altered activities and properties can result in increased labdenediol diphosphate production from GGPP. In other examples, the modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides can catalyze the formation of other terpenes than labdenediol diphosphate from any suitable substrate, such as, for example, FPP, GPP or GGPP. For example, the modified labdenediol diphosphate synthases can produce one or more monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes or diterpenes other than labdenediol diphosphate. Typically, the modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides produce more labdenediol diphosphate than any other terpene. This can result in increased production of sclareol, which in turn can lead to increased production of (−)-ambroxide.

d. Domain Swaps

Provided herein are modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides that are chimeric polypeptides containing a swap (deletion and insertion) by deletion of amino acid residues of one of more domains or regions therein or portions thereof and insertion of a heterologous sequence of amino acids. In some examples, the heterologous sequence is a randomized sequence of amino acids. In other examples, the heterologous sequence is a contiguous sequence of amino acids for the corresponding domain or region or portion thereof from another terpene synthase polypeptide. The heterologous sequence that is replaced or inserted generally includes at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, or more amino acids. In examples where the heterologous sequence is from a corresponding domain or a portion thereof of another terpene synthase, the heterologous sequence generally includes at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more contiguous amino acids of the corresponding domain or region or portion. In such an example, adjacent residues to the heterologous corresponding domain or region or portion thereof also can be included in a modified LPP synthase polypeptide provided herein.

In one example of swap mutants provided herein, at least one domain or region or portion thereof of a LPP synthase polypeptide is replaced with a contiguous sequence of amino acids for the corresponding domain or region or portions thereof from another terpene synthase polypeptide. In some examples, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more domains or regions or portions thereof are replaced with a contiguous sequence of amino acids for the corresponding domain or region or portions thereof from another terpene synthase polypeptide.

Any domain or region or portion thereof of a LPP synthase polypeptide can be replaced with a heterologous sequence of amino acids, such as heterologous sequence from the corresponding domain or region from another terpene. A domain or region can be a structural domain or a functional domain. One of skill in the art is familiar with domains or regions in terpene synthases. Functional domains include, for example, the catalytic domain or a portion thereof. A structural domain can include all or a portion of α, β1, β2 or γ domain.

One of skill in the art is familiar with various terpene synthases and can identify corresponding domains or regions or portions of amino acids thereof. Exemplary terpene synthases include, but are not limited to, Arabidopsis thaliana ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (SEQ ID NO:83), Pisum sativum ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (SEQ ID NO:107); Cucurbita maxima ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase 1 (SEQ ID NO:108); Cucurbita maxima ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase 2 (SEQ ID NO:109); Lycopersicon esculentum ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (SEQ ID NO:110); Stevia rebaudiana ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase (SEQ ID NO:111); Salvia miltiorrhiza copalyl diphosphate synthase (SEQ ID NO:112); Zea mays ent-copalyl diphosphate synthases (SEQ ID NO:113 and 114); Oryza sativa ent-copalyl diphosphate synthases (SEQ ID NO:115 and 116); Oryza sativa syn-copalyl diphosphate synthase (SEQ ID NO:117); Pinus taeda abietadiene/levopimaradiene synthase (SEQ ID NO:124); Picea abies abietadiene/levopimaradiene synthase (SEQ ID NO:125); Ginkgo biloba levopimaradiene synthase (SEQ ID NO:126); Pinus taeda diterpene synthase (SEQ ID NO:127) and Picea abies isopimaradiene synthase (SEQ ID NO:128). In particular examples herein, modified LPP synthase polypeptide domain swap mutants provided herein contain heterologous sequences from a corresponding domain or region or portion thereof of a terpene synthase polypeptide that is a Salvia sclarea LPP synthase (SEQ ID NOS:57-59).

Typically, the resulting modified LPP synthase exhibits LPP synthase activity and the ability to produce labdenediol diphosphate from GGPP. For example, the modified LPP synthase polypeptides exhibit 50% to 5000%, such as 50% to 120%, 100% to 500% or 110% to 250% of the labdenediol diphosphate production from GGPP compared to the LPP synthase polypeptide not containing the modification (e.g. the amino acid replacement or swap of amino acid residues of a domain or region) and/or compared to wild type LPP synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. Typically, the modified LPP synthase polypeptides exhibit increased labdenediol diphosphate production from GGPP compared to the LPP synthase polypeptide not containing the modification, such as compared to wild type labdenediol diphosphate synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:54. For example, the modified LPP synthase polypeptides can produce labdenediol diphosphate from GGPP in an amount that is at least or about 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500%, 1500%, 2000%, 3000%, 4000%, 5000% of the amount of labdenediol diphosphate produced from GGPP by wild type LPP synthase not containing the modification under the same conditions. For example, the labdenediol diphosphate production is increased at least 1.2-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 11-fold, 12-fold, 13-fold, 14-fold, 15-fold, 16-fold, 17-fold, 18-fold, 19-fold, 20-fold or more.

In particular examples herein, modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides provided herein are swap mutants whereby all or a portion of one or more structural domains is replaced with a corresponding structural domain of another terpene polypeptide. Table 3 below identifies structural domains with numbering based on LPP synthase numbering or the class II diterpene synthase ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) numbering, which are common numbering schemes for all terpene synthases based on alignment of the synthase with the class II diterpene synthase ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) or LPP synthase, respectively (see e.g. FIGS. 3A-3B). Hence, the corresponding domain can be identified in other terpene synthases.

TABLE 3 Structural Domains ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) NgLPP structure (SEQ ID NO: 83) (SEQ ID NO: 2) Helix A  92-106  89-103 Loop 1 107-116 104-113 Helix B 117-124 114-121 Loop 2 125-136 122-138 Helix C 137-144 139-146 Loop 3 145-159 147-161 Helix D 160-175 162-177 Loop 4 176-180 178-182 Helix E 181-195 183-200 Loop 5 196-209 201-211 Helix F1 210-217 212-225 Loop 6 218-220 n.a. Helix F2 221-223 n.a. Loop 7 224-237 226-239 Helix G 238-244 240-248 Loop 8 245-250 249-252 Helix H 251-253 253-256 Loop 9 254-272 257-275 Helix I 273-278 276-281 Loop 10 279-289 282-292 Helix J 290-299 293-302 Loop 11 300-303 303-306 Helix K 304-315 307-318 Loop 12 316-326 319-328 Helix L 327-340 329-343 Loop 13 341-347 344-349 Helix M 348-361 350-363 Loop 14 362-377 364-380 Helix N 378-391 381-394 Loop 15 392-419 395-422 Helix O 420-430 423-433 Loop 16 431-438 434-441 Helix P 439-457 442-460 Loop 17 458-469 461-472 Helix Q 470-479 473-482 Loop 18 480-486 483-489 Helix R 487-495 490-498 Loop 19 496-519 499-522 Helix S 520-558 523-551 Loop 20 550-558 552-561 Helix T 559-572 562-575 Loop 21 573-578 576-581 Helix U 579-598 582-600 Loop 22 599-602 601-613 Helix V 603-618 614-623 Loop 23 619-638 624-633 Helix W 639-661 634-654 Loop 24 662-668 655-661 Helix X 669-685 662-675 Loop 25 686-690 676-678 Helix Y 691-702 679-686 Loop 26 703-708 687-709 Helix Z1 709-711 710-730 Loop 27 712-714 n.a. Helix Z2 715-726 n.a. Loop 28 727-239 731-737 Helix AA 740-759 738-754 Loop 29 760-763 755-764 Helix AB 764-784 765-782 Loop 30 785-790 783-788 Helix AC 791-798 789-796 Loop 31 799-802 797-801

Any methods known in the art for generating chimeric polypeptides can be used to replace all or a contiguous portion of a domain or a first terpene synthase with all or a contiguous portion of the corresponding domain of a second synthase (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,824,774, 6,072,045, 7,186,891 and 8,106,260, and U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20110081703). Also, gene shuffling methods can be employed to generate chimeric polypeptides and/or polypeptides with domain or region swaps.

For example, corresponding domains or regions of any two terpene synthases can be exchanged using any suitable recombinant method known in the art, or by in vitro synthesis. Exemplary of recombinant methods is a two stage overlapping PCR method, such as described herein. In such methods, primers that introduce mutations at a plurality of codon positions in the nucleic acids encoding the targeted domain or portion thereof in the first terpene synthase can be employed, wherein the mutations together form the heterologous region (i.e. the corresponding region from the second terpene synthase). Alternatively, for example, randomized amino acids can be used to replace specific domains or regions. It is understood that primer errors, PCR errors and/or other errors in the cloning or recombinant methods can result in errors such that the resulting swapped or replaced region or domain does not exhibit an amino acid sequence that is identical to the corresponding region from the second terpene synthase.

In an exemplary PCR-based method, the first stage PCR uses (i) a downstream primer that anneals downstream of the region that is being replaced with a mutagenic primer that includes approximately fifteen nucleotides (or an effective number to effect annealing, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 25 nucleotides or more) of homologous sequence on each side of the domain or region to be exchanged or randomized flanking the region to be imported into the target gene, and (ii) an upstream primer that anneals upstream of the region that is being replaced together with an opposite strand mutagenic primer that also includes approximately fifteen nucleotides (or an effective number to effect annealing, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 25 nucleotides or more) of homologous sequence on each side of the domain or region to be exchanged or randomized flanking the region to be imported into the target gene. If a replacement in which a domain or region of a first terpene synthase gene is replaced with the corresponding domain or region from a second terpene synthase is being performed, nucleotides in the mutagenic primers between the flanking regions from the first terpene synthase contain codons for the corresponding region of the second terpene synthase. In instances where the amino acids in a domain or region are to be randomized, nucleotides of the mutagenic primers between the flanking regions from the first terpene synthase contains random nucleotides. An overlapping PCR is then performed to join the two fragments, using the upstream and downstream oligo. The resulting PCR product then can be cloned into any suitable vector for expression of the modified terpene synthase.

Further, any of the modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides containing swap mutations herein can contain one or more further amino acid replacements. Exemplary amino acid substitutions (or replacements) that can be included in the modified LPP synthase polypeptides include, but are not limited to, L31F, S72F, D151N, A242T, D272G, R342C, K441R, R478G, I661V, A674V, I719T, V751A, A772T, V783A, F797L or Q798H with reference to the positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:54.

e. Additional Variants

LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein can be modified by any method known to one of skill in the art for generating protein variants, including, but not limited to, DNA or gene shuffling, error prone PCR, overlap PCR or other recombinant methods. In one example, nucleic acid molecules encoding any LPP synthase polypeptide or variant LPP synthase polypeptide provided herein can be modified by gene shuffling. Gene shuffling involves one or more cycles of random fragmentation and reassembly of at least two nucleotide sequences, followed by screening to select nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides with desired properties. The recombination can be performed in vitro (see Stemmer et al. (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10747-10751; Stemmer et al. (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288-291; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793, 5,811,238, 5,830,721, 5,834,252 and 5,837,458) or in vivo (see, International Pat. Pub. No. WO199707205). The nucleic acid molecules encoding the polypeptides then can be introduced into a host cell to be expressed heterologously and tested for their LPP synthase activity by any method described in section D below.

2. Sclareol Synthase Polypeptides

Provided herein are sclareol synthase polypeptides. Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein. The sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate.

For example, provided herein are sclareol synthase polypeptides that have a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. Also provided herein are variants of sclareol synthase polypeptides that have a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:36, 38, 40 and 78. In some examples, the sclareol synthase polypeptides contain a N-terminal amino acid chloroplast transit sequence (set forth in SEQ ID NO:44 and 102). For example, the sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:36 contains a chloroplast transit sequence (amino acids 1-55) and a sclareol synthase (amino acids 56-792). Exemplary of a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein is a sclareol synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:40.

Also provided herein are sclareol synthase polypeptides that exhibit at least 60% amino acid sequence identity to a sclareol synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 and 78. For example, the sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein can exhibit at least or at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% or more amino acid sequence identity to a sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 and 78, provided the sclareol synthase polypeptides exhibit sclareol synthase activity (i.e., catalyze the formation of sclareol). Percent identity can be determined by one skilled in the art using standard alignment programs.

Also, in some examples, provided herein are active fragments of sclareol synthase polypeptides having a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 and 78. Such fragments retain one or more properties of a sclareol synthase. Typically, the active fragments exhibit sclareol synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol pyrophosphate). In particular examples, the active fragments are truncated at their N-terminus.

Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that have a sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:30, 35, 37, 39 and 77, or degenerates thereof, that encode a sclareol synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 and 78, respectively. Also provided herein are nucleic acids encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide having at least 85% sequence identity to a sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:30, 35, 37, 39 and 77. For example, the nucleic acid molecules provided herein can exhibit at least or about at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 95%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% or more sequence identity to a sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:30, 35, 37, 39 and 77, so long as the encoded sclareol synthase polypeptides exhibit sclareol synthase activity (i.e., catalyze the formation of sclareol). Also provided herein are degenerate sequences of any of those set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:30, 35, 37, 39 and 77, encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 and 78, respectively. Percent identity can be determined by one skilled in the art using standard alignment programs. In some examples, the nucleic acid molecules that encode the sclareol synthase polypeptides are isolated from the tobacco plant Nicotiana glutinosa. In other examples, the nucleic acid molecules and encoded sclareol synthase polypeptides are variants of those isolated from the tobacco plant Nicotiana glutinosa.

a. Modified Sclareol Synthase Polypeptides

Provided herein are modified sclareol synthase polypeptides. Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein: The modifications can be made in any region of a sclareol synthase provided the resulting modified sclareol synthase polypeptide at least retains sclareol synthase activity (i.e., the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate).

The modifications can be a single amino acid modification, such as single amino acid replacements (substitutions), insertions or deletions, or multiple amino acid modifications, such as multiple amino acid replacements, insertions or deletions. In some examples, entire or partial domains or regions, such as any domain or region described herein below, are exchanged with corresponding domains or regions or portions thereof from another terpene synthase. Exemplary of modifications are amino acid replacements, including single or multiple amino acid replacements. For example, modified sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein can contain at least or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120 or more modified positions compared to the sclareol synthase polypeptide not containing the modification.

The modifications described herein can be in any sclareol synthase polypeptide. Typically, the modifications are made in a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein. For example, the modifications described herein can be in a sclareol synthase polypeptide as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 and 78 or any variant thereof, including any that have at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 and 78.

In particular, the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein contain amino acid replacements or substitutions, additions or deletions, truncations or combinations thereof with reference to the sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. It is within the level of one of skill in the art to make such modifications in sclareol synthase polypeptides, such as any set forth in SEQ ID NOS:36, 38, 40 or 78 or any variant thereof. Based on this description, it is within the level of one of skill in the art to generate a sclareol synthase containing any one or more of the described mutation, and test each for sclareol synthase activity as described herein.

Also, in some examples, provided herein are modified active fragments of sclareol synthase polypeptides that contain any of the modifications provided herein. Such fragments retain one or more properties of a sclareol synthase. Typically, the modified active fragments exhibit sclareol synthase activity (i.e., the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate).

Modifications in a sclareol synthase polypeptide also can be made to a sclareol synthase polypeptide that also contains other modifications, including modifications of the primary sequence and modifications not in the primary sequence of the polypeptide. For example, modification described herein can be in a sclareol synthase polypeptide that is a fusion polypeptide or chimeric polypeptide, including hybrids of different sclareol synthase polypeptides or different terpene synthase polypeptides (e.g. contain one or more domains or regions from another terpene synthase) and also synthetic sclareol synthase polypeptides prepared recombinantly or synthesized or constructed by other methods known in the art based upon the sequence of known polypeptides.

In some examples, the modifications are amino acid replacements. In further examples, the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein contain one or more modifications in a structural domain such as the α, β1, γ or β2 domain As described elsewhere herein, the modifications in a domain or structural domain can be by replacement of corresponding heterologous residues from another terpene synthase.

To retain sclareol synthase activity, modifications typically are not made at those positions that are necessary for sclareol synthase activity, i.e., in the aspartate-rich region 1 DDxxD motif or the NSE/DTE motif. For example, generally modifications are not made at a position corresponding to position D540, D541, F542, F543, D544, N685, D686, I687, H688, S689, Y690, K691, R692, or E693 with reference to a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:31.

Exemplary amino acid substitutions (or replacements) that can be included in the modified sclareol synthases provided herein include, but are not limited to, amino acid replacement corresponding to H31P, G52E, G59V, P65S, H110L, L240P, F289L, D299N, I586V, V702A or V725M in a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. It is understood that the replacements can be made in the corresponding position in another sclareol synthase polypeptide by alignment therewith with the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 (see, e.g., FIGS. 6A-6J), whereby the corresponding position is the aligned position. In particular examples, the amino acid replacement(s) can be at the corresponding position in a sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:36, 38, 40 or 78 or a variant thereof having at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 86%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity thereto, so long as the resulting modified sclareol synthase polypeptide exhibits at least one sclareol synthase activity (i.e., the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate).

In particular examples, provided herein is a modified sclareol synthase polypeptide containing an amino acid replacement or replacements at a position or positions corresponding to 31, 52, 59, 65, 110, 240, 289, 299, 586, 702 or 725 with reference to the amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. For example, the amino acid positions can be replacements at positions corresponding to replacement of histidine (H) at position 31, G52, G59, P65, H110, L240, F289, D299, I586, V702 or V725 with reference to the amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. Exemplary amino acid replacements in the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein include, but are not limited to, replacement with proline (P) at a position corresponding to position 31; E at a position corresponding to position 52; V at a position corresponding to position 59; L at a position corresponding to position 110; P at a position corresponding to 240; L at a position corresponding to position 289; N at a position corresponding to position 299; V at a position corresponding to position 586; A at a position corresponding to position 702; and/or M at a position corresponding to position 725, each with reference to amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. In some examples, the modifications are conservative modifications, for example, a modification set forth in Table 2.

The modified sclareol synthase polypeptides can contain any one or more of the recited amino acid substitutions, in any combination, with or without additional modifications. Generally, multiple modifications provided herein can be combined by one of skill in the art so long as the modified polypeptide retains the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol and/or other terpenes from labdenediol diphosphate or any suitable pyrophosphate terpene precursor. In some examples, the resulting modified sclareol synthase polypeptide exhibits similar or increased sclareol production from labdenediol diphosphate compared to the unmodified sclareol synthase polypeptide. In some instances, the resulting modified sclareol synthase polypeptide exhibits decreased sclareol production from labdenediol diphosphate compared to the unmodified sclareol synthase polypeptide.

Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein. In particular examples, the nucleic acid sequence can be codon optimized, for example, to increase expression levels of the encoded sequence. The particular codon usage is dependent on the host organism in which the modified polypeptide is expressed. One of skill in the art is familiar with optimal codons for expression in bacteria or yeast, including for example E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For example, codon usage information is available from the Codon Usage Database available at kazusa.or.jp.codon (see Richmond (2000) Genome Biology, 1:241 for a description of the database). See also, Forsburg (2004) Yeast, 10:1045-1047; Brown et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Research, 19:4298; Sharp et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res., 12:8207-8211; Sharp et al. (1991) Yeast, 657-78. In examples herein, nucleic acid sequences provided herein are codon optimized based on codon usage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The modified polypeptides and encoding nucleic acid molecules provided herein can be produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques known to one of skill in the art. Any method known in the art to effect mutation of any one or more amino acids in a target protein can be employed. Methods include standard site-directed or random mutagenesis of encoding nucleic acid molecules, or solid phase polypeptide synthesis methods. For example, as described herein, nucleic acid molecules encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide can be subjected to mutagenesis, such as random mutagenesis of the encoding nucleic acid, by error-prone PCR, site-directed mutagenesis, overlap PCR, gene shuffling, or other recombinant methods. The nucleic acid encoding the polypeptides then can be introduced into a host cell to be expressed heterologously. Hence, also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding any of the modified polypeptides provided herein. In some examples, the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides are produced synthetically, such as using solid phase or solutions phase peptide synthesis.

b. Truncated Sclareol Synthase Polypeptides

Also provided herein are truncated sclareol synthase polypeptides. The truncated sclareol synthase polypeptides can be truncated at the N-terminus or the C-terminus, so long as the truncated sclareol synthase polypeptides retain one or more properties of a sclareol synthase. Typically, the truncated sclareol synthase polypeptides exhibit sclareol synthase activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate). In some examples, the sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein are truncated at the N-terminus. In other examples, the sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein are truncated at the C-terminus. In yet other examples, the sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein are truncated at the N-terminus and C-terminus.

In some examples, the sclareol synthase polypeptides are truncated at the N-terminus, C-terminus or both termini of a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein, such as truncation of a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 and 78. In other examples, any of the modified sclareol synthases provided herein are truncated. In some examples, the sclareol synthase polypeptides are truncated at their N-terminus. For example, any sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein can be truncated by at or about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 or more amino acid residues at the N-terminus, provided the sclareol synthase polypeptide retains sclareol synthase activity. In other examples, any sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein can be truncated by at or about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 or more amino acid residues at the C-terminus, provided the sclareol synthase polypeptide retains sclareol synthase activity.

c. Sclareol Synthase Polypeptides with Altered Activities and/or Properties

The modified sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein can also exhibit changes in activities and/or properties. The modified sclareol synthase can exhibit, for example, increased catalytic activity, increased substrate (e.g. labdenediol diphosphate) binding, increased stability and/or increased expression in a host cell. Such altered activities and properties can result in increased sclareol production from labdenediol diphosphate. In other examples, the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides can catalyze the formation of other terpenes than sclareol from any suitable substrate, such as, for example, FPP, GPP or GGPP. For example, the modified sclareol synthases can produce one or more monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes or diterpenes other than sclareol. Typically, the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides produce more sclareol than any other terpene. This can result in increased production of (−)-ambroxide.

d. Domain Swaps

Provided herein are modified sclareol synthase polypeptides that are chimeric polypeptides containing a swap (deletion and insertion) by deletion of amino acid residues of one of more domains or regions therein or portions thereof and insertion of a heterologous sequence of amino acids. In some examples, the heterologous sequence is a randomized sequence of amino acids. In other examples, the heterologous sequence is a contiguous sequence of amino acids for the corresponding domain or region or portion thereof from another terpene synthase polypeptide. The heterologous sequence that is replaced or inserted generally includes at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, or more amino acids. In examples where the heterologous sequence is from a corresponding domain or a portion thereof of another terpene synthase, the heterologous sequence generally includes at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more contiguous amino acids of the corresponding domain or region or portion. In such an example, adjacent residues to the heterologous corresponding domain or region or portion thereof also can be included in a modified sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein.

In one example of swap mutants provided herein, at least one domain or region or portion thereof of a sclareol synthase polypeptide is replaced with a contiguous sequence of amino acids for the corresponding domain or region or portions thereof from another terpene synthase polypeptide. In some examples, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more domains or regions or portions thereof are replaced with a contiguous sequence of amino acids for the corresponding domain or region or portions thereof from another terpene synthase polypeptide.

Any domain or region or portion thereof of a sclareol synthase polypeptide can be replaced with a heterologous sequence of amino acids, such as heterologous sequence from the corresponding domain or region from another terpene. A domain or region can be a structural domain or a functional domain. One of skill in the art is familiar with domains or regions in terpene synthases. Functional domains include, for example, the catalytic domain or a portion thereof. A structural domain can include all or a portion of α, β1, γ or β2 domain.

One of skill in the art is familiar with various terpene synthases and can identify corresponding domains or regions or portions of amino acids thereof. Exemplary terpene synthases include, but are not limited to, Abies grandis abietadiene synthase (SEQ ID NO:84); Taxus brevifolia taxadiene synthase (SEQ ID NO:118); Helianthus annuus kaurene synthase (SEQ ID NO:119); Oryza sativa ent-kaurene synthase (SEQ ID NO:120); Oryza sativa stemer-13-ene synthase (SEQ ID NO:121); Oryza sativa stemodene synthase (SEQ ID NO:122), Stevia rebaudiana copalyl pyrophosphate synthase (SEQ ID NO:123), Nicotiana tabacum abienol synthase (SEQ ID NO:129); Pinus taeda abietadiene/levopimaradiene synthase (SEQ ID NO:124); Picea abies abietadiene/levopimaradiene synthase (SEQ ID NO:125); Ginkgo biloba levopimaradiene synthase (SEQ ID NO:126); Pinus taeda diterpene synthase (SEQ ID NO:127) and Picea abies isopimaradiene synthase (SEQ ID NO:128). In particular examples herein, modified sclareol synthase polypeptide domain swap mutants provided herein contain heterologous sequences from a corresponding domain or region or portion thereof of a terpene synthase polypeptide that is a Salvia sclarea sclareol synthase (SEQ ID NOS:60-62).

Typically, the resulting modified sclareol synthase exhibits sclareol synthase activity and the ability to produce sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. For example, the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides exhibit 50% to 5000%, such as 50% to 120%, 100% to 500% or 110% to 250% of the sclareol production from labdenediol diphosphate compared to the sclareol synthase polypeptide not containing the modification (e.g. the amino acid replacement or swap of amino acid residues of a domain or region) and/or compared to wild type sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. Typically, the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides exhibit increased sclareol production from labdenediol diphosphate compared to the sclareol synthase polypeptide not containing the modification, such as compared to wild type sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:31. For example, the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides can produce sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate in an amount that is at least or about 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500%, 1500%, 2000%, 3000%, 4000%, 5000% of the amount of sclareol produced from labdenediol diphosphate by wild type sclareol synthase not containing the modification under the same conditions. For example, the sclareol production is increased at least 1.2-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 11-fold, 12-fold, 13-fold, 14-fold, 15-fold, 16-fold, 17-fold, 18-fold, 19-fold, 20-fold or more.

In particular examples herein, modified sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein are swap mutants whereby all or a portion of one or more structural domains is replaced with a corresponding structural domain of another terpene polypeptide. Table 4 below identifies structural domains with numbering based on sclareol synthase numbering or abietadiene numbering, which are common numbering schemes for all terpene synthases based on alignment of the synthase with abietadiene or sclareol synthase, respectively (see e.g. FIGS. 3C-3D). Hence, the corresponding domain can be identified in other terpene synthases.

TABLE 4 Structural domains Abietadiene synthase Sclareol synthase structure (SEQ ID NO: 84) (SEQ ID NO: 36) Loop 1 110-111 40-41 Helix A 112-129 42-54 Loop 2 130-138 55-65 Helix B 139-146 66-73 Loop 3 146-160 74-87 Helix C 161-168 88-95 Loop 4 169-183  96-112 Helix D 184-200 113-129 Loop 5 201-204 130-133 Helix E 205-219 134-148 Loop 6 220-233 149-161 Helix F 234-248 162-176 Loop 7 249-256 177-184 Helix G 257-271 185-199 Loop 8 272-274 200-202 Helix H 275-279 203-207 Loop 9 280-297 208-225 Helix I 298-303 226-230 Loop 10 304-314 231-242 Helix J 315-324 243-251 Loop 11 325-328 252-257 Helix K 329-341 258-270 Loop 12 342-351 271-280 Helix L 352-364 281-295 Loop 13 365-372 296-301 Helix M 373-384 302-315 Loop 14 385-402 316-326 Helix N 403-415 327-339 Loop 15 416-422 340-346 Helix O 423-427 347-351 Loop 16 428-445 352-368 Helix P 446-456 369-379 Loop 17 457-465 380-389 Helix Q 466-481 390-406 Loop 18 482-495 407-414 Helix R 496-505 415-424 Loop 19 506-512 425-430 Helix S 513-523 431-441 Loop 20 524-544 442-462 Helix T 545-573 463-491 Loop 21 574-586 492-504 Helix U 587-595 505-513 Loop 22 596-603 514-521 Helix V 604-625 522-543 Loop 23 626-629 544-547 Helix W 630-642 548-560 Loop 24 643-652 561-571 Helix X 653-677 572-596 Loop 25 678-681 597-600 Helix Y 682-705 601-619 Loop 26 706-710 620-630 Helix Z 711-721 631-641 Loop 27 722-724 642-644 Helix AA 725-732 645-652 Loop 28 733-740 653-660 Helix AB 741-745 661-664 Loop 29 746-751 665-670 Helix AC 752-766 671-685 Loop 30 767-769 686-688 Helix AD 770-773 689-692 Loop 31 774-781 693-700 Helix AE 782-789 701-708 Loop 32 790-794 709-713 Helix AF 795-819 714-738 Loop 33 820-824 739-746 Helix AG 825-840 747-762 Loop 34 841-849 763-774 Helix AH 850-863 775-782 Loop 35 864-868 783-788

For example, provided herein is a variant sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:86 containing a swap at the N-terminus of sclareol synthase by replacement of nucleotides encoding residues 1-246 of Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase with residues 61-77 of the sage sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:60. Also provided herein is a variant sclareol synthase polypeptide having at least 60% sequence identity to the sclareol synthase polypeptide having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:86.

Any methods known in the art for generating chimeric polypeptides can be used to replace all or a contiguous portion of a domain or a first terpene synthase with all or a contiguous portion of the corresponding domain of a second synthase. (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,824,774, 6,072,045, 7,186,891 and 8,106,260, and U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20110081703). Also, gene shuffling methods can be employed to generate chimeric polypeptides and/or polypeptides with domain or region swaps.

For example, corresponding domains or regions of any two terpene synthases can be exchanged using any suitable recombinant method known in the art, or by in vitro synthesis. Exemplary of recombinant methods is a two stage overlapping PCR method, such as described herein. In such methods, primers that introduce mutations at a plurality of codon positions in the nucleic acids encoding the targeted domain or portion thereof in the first terpene synthase can be employed, wherein the mutations together form the heterologous region (i.e. the corresponding region from the second terpene synthase). Alternatively, for example, randomized amino acids can be used to replace specific domains or regions. It is understood that primer errors, PCR errors and/or other errors in the cloning or recombinant methods can result in errors such that the resulting swapped or replaced region or domain does not exhibit an amino acid sequence that is identical to the corresponding region from the second terpene synthase.

In an exemplary PCR-based method, the first stage PCR uses (i) a downstream primer that anneals downstream of the region that is being replaced with a mutagenic primer that includes approximately fifteen nucleotides (or an effective number to effect annealing, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 25 nucleotides or more) of homologous sequence on each side of the domain or region to be exchanged or randomized flanking the region to be imported into the target gene, and (ii) an upstream primer that anneals upstream of the region that is being replaced together with an opposite strand mutagenic primer that also includes approximately fifteen nucleotides (or an effective number to effect annealing, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 25 nucleotides or more) of homologous sequence on each side of the domain or region to be exchanged or randomized flanking the region to be imported into the target gene. If a replacement in which a domain or region of a first terpene synthase gene is replaced with the corresponding domain or region from a second terpene synthase is being performed, nucleotides in the mutagenic primers between the flanking regions from the first terpene synthase contain codons for the corresponding region of the second terpene synthase. In instances where the amino acids in a domain or region are to be randomized, nucleotides of the mutagenic primers between the flanking regions from the first terpene synthase contains random nucleotides. An overlapping PCR is then performed to join the two fragments, using the upstream and downstream oligo. The resulting PCR product then can be cloned into any suitable vector for expression of the modified terpene synthase.

Further, any of the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides containing swap mutations herein can contain one or more further amino acid replacements. Exemplary amino acid substitutions (or replacements) that can be included in the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides include, but are not limited to, H31P, G52E, G59V, P65S, H110L, L240P, F289L, D299N, I586V, V702A or V725M with reference to the positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:31.

e. Additional Variants

Sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein can be modified by any method known to one of skill in the art for generating protein variants, including, but not limited to, DNA or gene shuffling, error prone PCR, overlap PCR or other recombinant methods. In one example, nucleic acid molecules encoding any sclareol synthase polypeptide or variant sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein can be modified by gene shuffling. Gene shuffling involves one or more cycles of random fragmentation and reassembly of at least two nucleotide sequences, followed by screening to select nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides with desired properties. The recombination can be performed in vitro (see Stemmer et al. (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10747-10751; Stemmer et al. (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288-291; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793, 5,811,238, 5,830,721, 5,834,252 and 5,837,458) or in vivo (see, International Pat. Pub. No. WO199707205). The nucleic acid molecules encoding the polypeptides then can be introduced into a host cell to be expressed heterologously and tested for sclareol synthase activity by any method described in section D below.

3. Fusion or Chimeric LPP and Sclareol Synthase Polypeptides

Nucleic acid molecules provided herein include fusion or chimeric nucleic acid molecules that contain an LPP synthase and a sclareol synthase. For example, provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding a fusion polypeptide that is capable of catalyzing the formation of sclareol from GGPP that contains any LPP synthase and sclareol synthase provided herein. For example, provided herein are nucleic acid molecules encoding a fusion polypeptide that contains an LPP synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:54, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 and a sclareol synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 or 78. Also provided herein are fusion polypeptides containing an LPP synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:54, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 and a sclareol synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:31, 36, 38, 40 or 78. Exemplary of such a fusion polypeptide is a fusion polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:94 that contains an LPP synthase having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:130 and an sclareol synthase having a sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:131. The fusion polypeptides can be linked directly or via a linker. For example, provided herein are fusion polypeptides containing a green fluorescent protein (SEQ ID NO:98) or a cellulose binding domain, such as the cellulose binding domain from Trichoderma harzianum (SEQ ID NO:97) fused to a sclareol synthase polypeptide. Exemplary of such fusion polypeptides are the fusion polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOS:90 and 92, respectively.

In another example, provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an LPP synthase and a sclareol synthase, such that, when expressed in a host cell, such as a bacterial or yeast host cell, an LPP synthase and an sclareol synthase are expressed. Exemplary of such nucleic acid molecules is the vector set forth in SEQ ID NO:74 and the nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO:95. Further, when the host cell is capable of producing GGPP, the encoded synthase polypeptides catalyze the production of sclareol.

D. Methods for Producing Modified LPP and Sclareol Synthases and Encoding Nucleic Acid Molecules

Provided are methods for producing modified terpene synthase polypeptides, including LPP synthase and sclareol synthase polypeptides. The methods can be used to generate terpene synthases with desired properties, including, but not limited to, increased terpene production upon reaction with an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP, GPP or GGPP; altered product distribution; altered substrate specificity; and/or altered regioselectivity and/or stereoselectivity. Modified terpene synthases can be produced using any method known in the art and, optionally, screened for the desired properties. In particular examples, modified terpene synthases with desired properties are generated by mutation in accord with the methods exemplified herein. Thus, provided herein are modified terpene synthases and nucleic acid molecules encoding the modified terpene synthases that are produced using the methods described herein.

Exemplary of the methods provided herein are those in which modified terpene synthases are produced by replacing one or more endogenous domains or regions of a first terpene synthase with the corresponding domain(s) or regions(s) from a second terpene synthase (i.e. heterologous domains or regions). In further examples, two or more endogenous domains or regions of a first terpene synthase are replaced with the corresponding heterologous domain(s) or regions(s) from two or more other terpene synthases, such as a second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth terpene synthase. Thus, the resulting modified terpene synthase can include heterologous domains or regions from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or more different terpene synthases. In further examples, the methods also or instead include replacing one or more domains or regions of a first terpene synthase with randomized amino acid residues.

Any terpene synthase can be used in the methods provided herein. The first terpene synthase (i.e. the terpene synthase to be modified) can be of the same or different class as the second (or third, fourth, fifth, etc.) terpene synthase (i.e. the terpene synthase(s) from which the heterologous domain(s) or region(s) is derived). For example, included among the methods provided herein are those in which the terpene synthase to be modified is a monoterpene, diterpene or sesquiterpene synthase, and the terpene synthase(s) from which the one or more heterologous domains or regions are derived is a monoterpene, diterpene or sesquiterpene synthase. In some examples, all of the terpene synthases used in the methods provided herein are diterpene synthases. Exemplary diterpene synthases include, but are not limited to, labdenediol diphosphate synthases, sclareol synthases, copalyl diphosphate synthases, ent-copalyl diphosphate synthases, abietadiene synthases, abienol synthases, kaurene synthases, taxadiene synthases, ent-kaurene synthases, stemer-13-ene synthases, abietadiene/levopimaradiene synthases, levopimaradiene synthases and isopimaradiene synthases. Exemplary terpene synthases that can be used in the methods herein, including exemplary amino acid and nucleic acid sequences thereof, include but are not limited to, any described, for example, in published International PCT application No. WO2012/058636.

In practicing the methods provided herein, all or a contiguous portion of an endogenous domain of a first terpene synthase can be replaced with all or a contiguous portion of the corresponding heterologous domain from a second terpene synthase. For example, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more contiguous amino acids from a domain or region in a first synthase can be replaced with 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more contiguous amino acids from the corresponding region from a second terpene synthase. In some examples, one or more amino acid residues adjacent to the endogenous domain of the first terpene synthase also are replaced, and/or one or more amino acid residues adjacent to the heterologous domain also are used in the replacement. Further, the methods provided herein also include methods in which all or a contiguous portion of a first domain and all or a contiguous portion of a second adjacent domain are replaced with the corresponding domains (or portions thereof) from another terpene synthase.

Domains or regions that can be replaced include functional domains or structural domains. Exemplary α-helical domains that can be replaced in an LPP synthase using the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, the α domain, amino acids 537-801 of SEQ ID NO:54; the γ domain, amino acids 111-326 of SEQ ID NO:54; the β1 domain, amino acids 88-110 of SEQ ID NO:54; and the β2 domain, amino acids 327-536 of SEQ ID NO:54. Exemplary domains or regions that can be replaced in a LPP synthase using the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, structural domains or regions corresponding to Helix A, amino acids 89-103 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 1, amino acids 104-113 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix B, amino acids 114-121 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 2, amino acids 122-138 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix C, amino acids 139-146 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 3, amino acids 147-161 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix D, amino acids 162-177 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 4, amino acids 178-182 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix E, amino acids 183-200 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 5, amino acids 201-211 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix F1, amino acids 212-225 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 7, amino acids 226-239 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix G, amino acids 240-248 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 8, amino acids 249-252 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix H, amino acids 253-256 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 9, amino acids 257-275 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix I, amino acids 276-281 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 10, amino acids 282-292 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix J, amino acids 293-302 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 11, amino acids 303-306 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix K, amino acids 307-318 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 12, amino acids 319-328 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix L, amino acids 329-343 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 13, amino acids 344-349 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix M, amino acids 350-363 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 14, amino acids 364-380 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix N, amino acids 381-394 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 15, amino acids 395-422 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix O, amino acids 423-433 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 16, amino acids 434-441 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix P, amino acids 442-460 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 17, amino acids 461-472 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix Q, amino acids 473-482 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 18, amino acids 483-489 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix R, amino acids 490-498 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 19, amino acids 499-522 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix S, amino acids 523-551 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 20, amino acids 552-561 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix T, amino acids 562-575 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 21, amino acids of 576-581 SEQ ID NO:54; Helix U, amino acids 582-600 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 22, amino acids 601-613 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix V, amino acids 614-623 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 23, amino acids 624-633 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix W, amino acids 634-654 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 24, amino acids 655-661 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix X, amino acids 662-675 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 25, amino acids 676-678 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix Y, amino acids 679-686 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 26, amino acids 687-709 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix Z1, amino acids 710-730 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 28, amino acids 731-737 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix AA, amino acids 738-754 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 29, amino acids 755-764 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix AB, amino acids 765-782 of SEQ ID NO:54; Loop 30, amino acids 783-788 of SEQ ID NO:54; Helix AC, amino acids 789-796 of SEQ ID NO:54 and Loop 31, amino acids 797-801 of SEQ ID NO:54. Any one or more of these domains or regions, or a portion thereof, can be replaced with a corresponding domain from another terpene synthase using the methods provided herein. These domains are regions can be identified in any terpene synthase using methods well known in the art, such as, for example, by alignment using methods known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., FIGS. 3A-3D). Such methods typically maximize matches, and include methods such as using manual alignments and by using the numerous alignment programs available (for example, BLASTP) and others known to those of skill in the art. By aligning the sequences of the LPP synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:54, and any other terpene synthase, any of the domains or regions recited above can be identified in any terpene synthase.

Any one or more of these domains or regions, or a portion thereof, can be replaced with a corresponding domain from another terpene synthase using the methods provided herein. Exemplary α-helical domains that can be replaced in a sclareol synthase using the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, the α domain, amino acids 477-788 of SEQ ID NO:31; the γ domain, amino acids 63-278 of SEQ ID NO:31; the β1 domain, amino acids 40-62 of SEQ ID NO:31; and the β2 domain, amino acids 279-476 of SEQ ID NO:31. Exemplary domains or regions that can be replaced in a sclareol synthase using the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, structural domains or regions corresponding to Loop 1, amino acids 40-41 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix A, amino acids 42-54 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 2, amino acids 55-65 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix B, amino acids 66-73 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 3, amino acids 74-87 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix C, amino acids 88-95 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 4, amino acids 96-112 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix D, amino acids 113-129 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 5, amino acids 130-133 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix E, amino acids 134-148 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 6, amino acids 149-161 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix F, amino acids 162-176 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 7, amino acids 177-184 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix G, amino acids 185-199 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 8, amino acids 200-202 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix H, amino acids 203-207 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 9, amino acids 208-225 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix I, amino acids 226-230 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 10, amino acids 231-242 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix J, amino acids 243-251 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 11, amino acids 242-257 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix K, amino acids 258-270 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 12, amino acids 271-280 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix L, amino acids 281-295 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 13, amino acids 296-301 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix M, amino acids 302-315 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 14, amino acids 316-326 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix N, amino acids 327-339 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 15, amino acids 340-346 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix O, amino acids 347-351 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 16, amino acids 352-368 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix P, amino acids 369-379 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 17, amino acids 380-389 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix Q, amino acids 390-406 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 18, amino acids 407-414 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix R, amino acids 415-424 of SEQ ID NO:31, amino acids 425-430 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 19, amino acids 431-441 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix S, amino acids 442-462 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 20, amino acids 463-491 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix T, amino acids 492-501 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 21; Helix U, amino acids 505-513 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 22, amino acids 514-521 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix V, amino acids 522-543 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 23, amino acids 544-547 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix W, amino acids 548-560 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 24, amino acids 561-571 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix X, amino acids 572-596 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 25, amino acids 579-600 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix Y, amino acids 601-619 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 26, amino acids 620-630 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix Z, amino acids 631-641 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 27, amino acids 642-644 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix AA, amino acids 645-652 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 28, amino acids 653-660 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix AB, amino acids 661-664 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 29, amino acids 665-670 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix AC, amino acids 671-685 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 30, amino acids 686-688 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix AD, amino acids 689-692 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 31, amino acids 693-700 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix AE, amino acids 701-708 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 32, amino acids 709-713 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix AF, amino acids 714-738 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 33, amino acids 739-746 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix AG, amino acids 747-762 of SEQ ID NO:31; Loop 34, amino acids 763-774 of SEQ ID NO:31; Helix AH, amino acids 775-785 of SEQ ID NO:31; and Loop 35, amino acids 783-788 of SEQ ID NO:31. These domains are regions can be identified in any terpene synthase using methods well known in the art, such as, for example, by alignment using methods known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., FIGS. 3A-3D). Such methods typically maximize matches, and include methods such as using manual alignments and by using the numerous alignment programs available (for example, BLASTP) and others known to those of skill in the art. By aligning the sequences of the sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:31, and any other terpene synthase, any of the domains or regions recited above can be identified in any terpene synthase.

In the methods provided herein, all or a contiguous portion of an endogenous domain of a first terpene synthase can be replaced with all or a contiguous portion of the corresponding heterologous domain from a second terpene synthase using an suitable recombinant method known in the art as discussed above in Sections C.1.d. and C.2.d.

E. Expression of LPP and Sclareol Synthase Polypeptides and Encoding Nucleic Acid Molecules

Terpene synthase polypeptides and active fragments thereof, including labdenediol diphosphate synthases and sclareol synthase polypeptides, can be obtained by methods well known in the art for recombinant protein generation and expression. Such LPP synthase polypeptides can be used to produce labdenediol diphosphate from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate precursor, such as GGPP, in the host cell from which the synthase is expressed, or in vitro following purification of the synthase. Such sclareol synthase polypeptides can be used to produce sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate in the host cell from which the synthase is expressed, or in vitro following purification of the synthase. Such LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides can be used to produce sclareol from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate precursor, such as GGPP, in the host cell in which the synthases are expressed. Any method known to those of skill in the art for identification of nucleic acids that encode desired genes can be used to obtain the nucleic acid encoding a terpene synthase, such as a labdenediol synthase or sclareol synthase. For example, nucleic acid encoding unmodified or wild type labdenediol diphosphate synthase or sclareol synthase polypeptides can be obtained using well known methods from a plant source, such as tobacco. Modified labdenediol diphosphate synthase and sclareol synthase polypeptides then can be engineered using any method known in the art for introducing mutations into unmodified or wild type LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides, including any method described herein, such as random mutagenesis of the encoding nucleic acid by error-prone PCR, site-directed mutagenesis, overlap PCR, or other recombinant methods. The nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides then can be introduced into a host cell to be expressed heterologously.

In some examples, the terpene synthases provided herein, including LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides, are produced synthetically, such as using solid phase or solution phase peptide synthesis.

1. Isolation of Nucleic Acid Encoding LPP and Sclareol Synthases

Nucleic acids encoding terpene synthases, such as labdenediol diphosphate synthase and sclareol synthase, can be cloned or isolated using any available methods known in the art for cloning and isolating nucleic acid molecules. Such methods include PCR amplification of nucleic acids and screening of libraries, including nucleic acid hybridization screening. In some examples, methods for amplification of nucleic acids can be used to isolate nucleic acid molecules encoding a LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptide, including for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. A nucleic acid containing material can be used as a starting material from which a LPP or sclareol synthase-encoding nucleic acid molecule can be isolated. For example, DNA and mRNA preparations from tobacco (Nicotiana sp.), including but not limited to Nicotiana glutinosa can be used to obtain LPP and sclareol synthase genes. Nucleic acid libraries also can be used as a source of starting material. Primers can be designed to amplify a terpene synthase-encoding molecule, such as a LPP or sclareol synthase-encoding molecule. For example, primers can be designed based on known nucleic acid sequences encoding a terpene synthase, such as a class I or class II diterpene synthase, such as those set forth in SEQ ID NOS:34-46. Nucleic acid molecules generated by amplification can be sequenced and confirmed to encode a diTPS polypeptide.

Additional nucleotide sequences can be joined to a LPP or sclareol synthase-encoding nucleic acid molecule, including linker sequences containing restriction endonuclease sites for the purpose of cloning the synthetic gene into a vector, for example, a protein expression vector or a vector designed for the amplification of the core protein coding DNA sequences. Furthermore, additional nucleotide sequences specifying functional DNA elements can be operatively linked to a LPP or sclareol synthase-encoding nucleic acid molecule. Still further, nucleic acid encoding other moieties or domains also can be included so that the resulting synthase is a fusion protein. For example, nucleic acids encoding other enzymes, such as GGPP synthase, LPP synthase or sclareol synthase, or protein purification tags, such as His or Flag tags.

2. Generation of Mutant or Modified Nucleic Acid

Nucleic acid encoding a modified terpene synthase, such as a modified LPP or sclareol synthase, can be prepared, or generated using any method known in the art to effect mutation. Methods for modification include standard rational and/or random mutagenesis of encoding nucleic acid molecules (using e.g., error prone PCR, random site-directed saturation mutagenesis, DNA shuffling or rational site-directed mutagenesis, such as, for example, mutagenesis kits (e.g. QuikChange available from Stratagene)). In addition, routine recombinant DNA techniques can be utilized to generate nucleic acids encoding polypeptides that contain heterologous amino acid. For example, nucleic acid encoding chimeric polypeptides or polypeptides containing heterologous amino acid sequence, can be generated using a two-step PCR method, such as described above, and/or using restriction enzymes and cloning methodologies for routine subcloning of the desired chimeric polypeptide components.

Once generated, the nucleic acid molecules can be expressed in cells to generate modified terpene synthase polypeptides using any method known in the art. The modified terpene synthase polypeptides, such as modified LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptides, then can be assessed by screening for a desired property or activity, for example, for the ability to produce a terpene from a substrate. In particular examples, modified terpene synthases with desired properties are generated by mutation and screened for a property in accord with the examples exemplified herein. Typically, in instances where a modified LPP synthase is generated, the modified LPP synthase polypeptides produce LPP from GGPP. Typically, in instances where a modified sclareol synthase is generated, the modified sclareol synthase polypeptides produced sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate.

3. Vectors and Cells

For recombinant expression of one or more of the terpene synthase polypeptides provided herein, including LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides, the nucleic acid containing all or a portion of the nucleotide sequence encoding the synthase can be inserted into an appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector that contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted protein coding sequence. Depending upon the expression system used, the necessary transcriptional and translational signals also can be supplied by the native promoter for a LPP or sclareol synthase gene, and/or their flanking regions. Thus, also provided herein are vectors that contain nucleic acid encoding any LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein. Exemplary vectors are pALX47-66.1 and pALX40-170.2R set forth in SEQ ID NOS:74 and 76, respectively, and FIGS. 5A and 5B. These vectors contain the gene encoding the GGPP synthase crtE from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Both vectors also contain genes encoding a sclareol synthase and a labdenediol diphosphate synthase. The vectors are described in detail in Example 8 below. Cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, containing the vectors also are provided. Such cells include bacterial cells, yeast cells, fungal cells, Archea, plant cells, insect cells and animal cells. In particular examples, the cells are yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that express an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as GGPP. The cells are used to produce a terpene synthase, such as a LPP synthase polypeptide or modified LPP synthase polypeptide, by growing the above-described cells under conditions whereby the encoded LPP synthase is expressed by the cell. In some instances, the expressed synthase is purified. In other instances, the expressed synthase, such as labdenediol diphosphate synthase, converts GGPP to one or more terpenes (e.g. labdenediol diphosphate) in the host cell. In some examples, both an LPP and a sclareol synthase are expressed thereby converting GGPP to sclareol.

Any method known to those of skill in the art for the insertion of DNA fragments into a vector can be used to construct expression vectors containing a chimeric gene containing appropriate transcriptional/translational control signals and protein coding sequences. These methods can include in vitro recombinant DNA and synthetic techniques and in vivo recombinants (genetic recombination). Expression of nucleic acid sequences encoding a LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptide or modified LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptide, or domains, derivatives, fragments or homologs thereof, can be regulated by a second nucleic acid sequence so that the genes or fragments thereof are expressed in a host transformed with the recombinant DNA molecule(s). For example, expression of the proteins can be controlled by any promoter/enhancer known in the art. In a specific embodiment, the promoter is not native to the genes for a LPP or sclareol synthase protein. Promoters that can be used include but are not limited to prokaryotic, yeast, mammalian and plant promoters. The type of promoter depends upon the expression system used, described in more detail below.

In a specific embodiment, a vector is used that contains a promoter operably linked to nucleic acids encoding a LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptide or modified LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptide, or a domain, fragment, derivative or homolog, thereof, one or more origins of replication, and optionally, one or more selectable markers (e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene). Vectors and systems for expression of LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides are described.

4. Expression Systems

Terpene synthase polypeptides, including LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides (modified and unmodified) can be produced by any methods known in the art for protein production including in vitro and in vivo methods such as, for example, the introduction of nucleic acid molecules encoding the terpene synthase (e.g. LPP or sclareol synthase) into a host cell or host plant for in vivo production or expression from nucleic acid molecules encoding the terpene synthase (e.g. LPP or sclareol synthase) in vitro. Terpene synthases such as LPP and sclareol synthase and modified LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides can be expressed in any organism suitable to produce the required amounts and forms of a synthase polypeptide. Expression hosts include prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms such as E. coli, yeast, plants, insect cells, mammalian cells, including human cell lines and transgenic animals. Expression hosts can differ in their protein production levels as well as the types of post-translational modifications that are present on the expressed proteins. The choice of expression host can be made based on these and other factors, such as regulatory and safety considerations, production costs and the need and methods for purification.

Expression in eukaryotic hosts can include expression in yeasts such as those from the Saccharomyces genus (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Pichia genus (e.g. Pichia pastoris), insect cells such as Drosophila cells and lepidopteran cells, plants and plant cells such as citrus, tobacco, corn, rice, algae, and lemna. Eukaryotic cells for expression also include mammalian cells lines such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Eukaryotic expression hosts also include production in transgenic animals, for example, including production in serum, milk and eggs.

Many expression vectors are available and known to those of skill in the art for the expression of a terpene synthase, such as LPP or sclareol synthase. Exemplary of expression vectors are those encoding a GGPP synthase, including the vectors pALX47-66.1 and pALX40-170.2R, set forth in SEQ ID NOS:74 and 76, respectively, and described elsewhere herein. The choice of expression vector is influenced by the choice of host expression system. Such selection is well within the level of skill of the skilled artisan. In general, expression vectors can include transcriptional promoters and optionally enhancers, translational signals, and transcriptional and translational termination signals. Expression vectors that are used for stable transformation typically have a selectable marker which allows selection and maintenance of the transformed cells. In some cases, an origin of replication can be used to amplify the copy number of the vectors in the cells.

Terpene synthases, including LPP or sclareol synthase and modified LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptides, also can be utilized or expressed as protein fusions. For example, a fusion can be generated to add additional functionality to a polypeptide. Examples of fusion proteins include, but are not limited to, fusions of a signal sequence, a tag such as for localization, e.g. a his₆ tag or a myc tag, or a tag for purification, for example, a GST fusion, GFP fusion or CBP fusion, and a sequence for directing protein secretion and/or membrane association. In other examples, diterpene synthases such as LPP synthase or modified LPP synthase polypeptides can be fused to GGPP synthase (see, e.g., Brodelius et al. (2002) Eur. J. Biochem. 269:3570-3579).

Methods of production of terpene synthase polypeptides, including LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides, can include co-expression of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as GGPP, in the host cell. In some instances, the host cell naturally expresses GGPP. Such a cell can be modified to express greater quantities of GGPP (see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303, 6,689,593, 7,838,279 and 7,842,497). In other instances, a host cell that does not naturally produce GGPP is modified genetically to produce GGPP.

a. Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes, especially E. coli, provide a system for producing large amounts of the LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein. Transformation of E. coli is a simple and rapid technique well known to those of skill in the art. Exemplary expression vectors for transformation of E. coli cells, include, for example, the pGEM expression vectors, the pQE expression vectors, and the pET expression vectors (see, U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,496; available from Novagen, Madison, Wis.; see, also literature published by Novagen describing the system). Such plasmids include pET 11a, which contains the T7lac promoter, T7 terminator, the inducible E. coli lac operator, and the lac repressor gene; pET 12a-c, which contains the T7 promoter, T7 terminator, and the E. coli ompT secretion signal; and pET 15b and pET19b (Novagen, Madison, Wis.), which contain a His-Tag™ leader sequence for use in purification with a His column and a thrombin cleavage site that permits cleavage following purification over the column, the T7-lac promoter region and the T7 terminator.

Expression vectors for E. coli can contain inducible promoters that are useful for inducing high levels of protein expression and for expressing proteins that exhibit some toxicity to the host cells. Exemplary prokaryotic promoters include, for example, the β-lactamase promoter (Jay et al., (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:5543) and the tac promoter (DeBoer et al., (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:21-25); see also “Useful Proteins from Recombinant Bacteria”: in Scientific American 242:79-94 (1980)). Examples of inducible promoters include the lac promoter, the trp promoter, the hybrid tac promoter, the T7 and SP6 RNA promoters and the temperature regulated λP_(L) promoter.

Terpene synthases, including LPP and sclareol synthases can be expressed in the cytoplasmic environment of E. coli. The cytoplasm is a reducing environment and for some molecules, this can result in the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies. Reducing agents such as dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol and denaturants (e.g., such as guanidine-HCl and urea) can be used to resolubilize the proteins. An alternative approach is the expression of LPP or sclareol synthases in the periplasmic space of bacteria which provides an oxidizing environment and chaperonin-like and disulfide isomerases leading to the production of soluble protein. Typically, a leader sequence is fused to the protein to be expressed which directs the protein to the periplasm. The leader is then removed by signal peptidases inside the periplasm. Examples of periplasmic-targeting leader sequences include the pelB leader from the pectate lyase gene and the leader derived from the alkaline phosphatase gene. In some cases, periplasmic expression allows leakage of the expressed protein into the culture medium. The secretion of proteins allows quick and simple purification from the culture supernatant. Proteins that are not secreted can be obtained from the periplasm by osmotic lysis. Similar to cytoplasmic expression, in some cases proteins can become insoluble and denaturants and reducing agents can be used to facilitate solubilization and refolding. Temperature of induction and growth also can influence expression levels and solubility. Typically, temperatures between 25° C. and 37° C. are used. Mutations also can be used to increase solubility of expressed proteins. Typically, bacteria produce aglycosylated proteins.

b. Yeast Cells

Yeast systems, such as, but not limited to, those from the Saccharomyces genus (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces lactis, and Pichia pastoris can be used to express the terpene synthases, such as the LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptides and modified LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides, provided herein. Yeast expression systems also can be used to produce terpenes whose reactions are catalyzed by the synthases. Yeast can be transformed with episomal replicating vectors or by stable chromosomal integration by homologous recombination. In some examples, inducible promoters are used to regulate gene expression. Exemplary promoter sequences for expression of LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides in yeast include, among others, promoters for metallothionine, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzeman et al. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255:12073), or other glycolytic enzymes (Hess et al. (1968) J. Adv. Enzyme Reg. 7:149; and Holland et al. (1978) Biochem. 17:4900), such as enolase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase.

Other suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in Hitzeman, EPA-73,657 or in Fleer et al. (1991) Gene, 107:285-195; and van den Berg et al. (1990) Bio/Technology, 8:135-139. Another alternative includes, but is not limited to, the glucose-repressible ADH2 promoter described by Russell et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 258:2674, 1982) and Beier et al. (Nature 300:724, 1982), or a modified ADH1 promoter. Shuttle vectors replicable in yeast and E. coli can be constructed by, for example, inserting DNA sequences from pBR322 for selection and replication in E. coli (Amp^(r) gene and origin of replication) into the above-described yeast vectors.

Yeast expression vectors can include a selectable marker such as LEU2, TRP1, HIS3, and URA3 for selection and maintenance of the transformed DNA. Exemplary vectors include pALX47-66.1 and pALX40-170.R2, described elsewhere herein, that contain a URA3 marker. Proteins expressed in yeast are often soluble and co-expression with chaperonins, such as Bip and protein disulfide isomerase, can improve expression levels and solubility. Additionally, proteins expressed in yeast can be directed for secretion using secretion signal peptide fusions such as the yeast mating type alpha-factor secretion signal from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fusions with yeast cell surface proteins such as the Aga2p mating adhesion receptor or the Arxula adeninivorans glucoamylase. A protease cleavage site (e.g., the Kex-2 protease) can be engineered to remove the fused sequences from the polypeptides as they exit the secretion pathway.

Yeast naturally express the required proteins, including GGPP synthase (BST1; which can produce GGPP) for the mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. Thus, expression of the terpene synthases, including LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein, in yeast cells can result in the production of diterpenes, such as labdenediol diphosphate from GGPP, and sclareol. Exemplary yeast cells for the expression of terpene synthases, including LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides, include yeast modified to express increased levels of FPP and/or GGPP. For example, yeast cells can be modified to produce less squalene synthase or less active squalene synthase (e.g. erg9 mutants; see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303 and 6,689,593). This results in accumulation of FPP in the host cell at higher levels compared to wild type yeast cells, which in turn can result in increased yields of GGPP and diterpenes (e.g. labdenediol diphosphate and sclareol). In another example, yeast cells can be modified to produce more GGPP synthase by introduction of a GGPP synthase gene, such as BTS1 from S. cerevisiae, crtE from Erwinia uredovora, crtE from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, al-3 from Neuspora crassa or ggs from Giverella fujiuroi (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,842,497). In some examples, the native GGPP gene in such yeast can be deleted. Other modifications that enable increased production of GGPP in yeast include, for example, but are not limited to, modifications that increase production of acetyl CoA, inactivate genes that encode enzymes that use FPP and GPP as substrate and overexpress of HMG-CoA reductases, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,842,497. Exemplary modified yeast cells include, but are not limited to, modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains CALI5-1 (ura3, leu2, his3, trp1, Δ erg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue), ALX7-95 (ura3, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1 sue), ALX11-30 (ura3, trp1, erg9^(def)25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue), which are known and described in one or more of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303, 6,689,593, 7,838,279, 7,842,497, and published U.S. Pat. Application Serial Nos. 20040249219 and 20110189717.

c. Plants and Plant Cells

Transgenic plant cells and plants can be used for the expression of terpene synthases, including LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein. Expression constructs are typically transferred to plants using direct DNA transfer such as microprojectile bombardment and PEG-mediated transfer into protoplasts, and with agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Expression vectors can include promoter and enhancer sequences, transcriptional termination elements, and translational control elements. Expression vectors and transformation techniques are usually divided between dicot hosts, such as Arabidopsis and tobacco, and monocot hosts, such as corn and rice. Examples of plant promoters used for expression include the cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, the nopaline synthase promoter, the ribose bisphosphate carboxylase promoter and the ubiquitin and UBQ3 promoters. Selectable markers such as hygromycin, phosphomannose isomerase and neomycin phosphotransferase are often used to facilitate selection and maintenance of transformed cells. Transformed plant cells can be maintained in culture as cells, aggregates (callus tissue) or regenerated into whole plants. Transgenic plant cells also can include algae engineered to produce proteins (see, for example, Mayfield et al. (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:438-442). Transformed plants include, for example, plants selected from the genera Nicotiana, Solanum, Sorghum, Arabidopsis, Medicago (alfalfa), Gossypium (cotton) and Brassica (rape). In some examples, the plant belongs to the species of Nicotiana tabacum, and is transformed with vectors that overexpress LPP synthase, sclareol synthase and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, such as described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20090123984 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,906,710.

d. Insects and Insect Cells

Insects and insect cells, particularly a baculovirus expression system, can be used for expressing terpene synthases, including LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein (see, for example, Muneta et al. (2003) J. Vet. Med. Sci. 65(2):219-223). Insect cells and insect larvae, including expression in the haemolymph, express high levels of protein and are capable of most of the post-translational modifications used by higher eukaryotes. Baculoviruses have a restrictive host range which improves the safety and reduces regulatory concerns of eukaryotic expression. Typically, expression vectors use a promoter such as the polyhedrin promoter of baculovirus for high level expression. Commonly used baculovirus systems include baculoviruses such as Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), and the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) and an insect cell line such as Sf9 derived from Spodoptera frugiperda, Pseudaletia unipuncta (A7S) and Danaus plexippus (DpN1). For high level expression, the nucleotide sequence of the molecule to be expressed is fused immediately downstream of the polyhedrin initiation codon of the virus. Mammalian secretion signals are accurately processed in insect cells and can be used to secrete the expressed protein into the culture medium. In addition, the cell lines Pseudaletia unipuncta (A7S) and Danaus plexippus (DpN1) produce proteins with glycosylation patterns similar to mammalian cell systems.

An alternative expression system in insect cells is the use of stably transformed cells. Cell lines such as the Schnieder 2 (S2) and Kc cells (Drosophila melanogaster) and C7 cells (Aedes albopictus) can be used for expression. The Drosophila metallothionein promoter can be used to induce high levels of expression in the presence of heavy metal induction with cadmium or copper. Expression vectors are typically maintained by the use of selectable markers such as neomycin and hygromycin.

e. Mammalian Expression

Mammalian expression systems can be used to express terpene synthases, including LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein and also can be used to produce terpenes whose reactions are catalyzed by the synthases. Expression constructs can be transferred to mammalian cells by viral infection such as adenovirus or by direct DNA transfer such as liposomes, calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran and by physical means such as electroporation and microinjection. Expression vectors for mammalian cells typically include an mRNA cap site, a TATA box, a translational initiation sequence (Kozak consensus sequence) and polyadenylation elements. Such vectors often include transcriptional promoter-enhancers for high level expression, for example the SV40 promoter-enhancer, the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, and the long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). These promoter-enhancers are active in many cell types. Tissue and cell-type promoters and enhancer regions also can be used for expression. Exemplary promoter/enhancer regions include, but are not limited to, those from genes such as elastase I, insulin, immunoglobulin, mouse mammary tumor virus, albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, beta-globin, myelin basic protein, myosin light chain-2 and gonadotropic releasing hormone gene control. Selectable markers can be used to select for and maintain cells with the expression construct. Examples of selectable marker genes include, but are not limited to, hygromycin B phosphotransferase, adenosine deaminase, xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, dihydrofolate reductase and thymidine kinase. Fusion with cell surface signaling molecules such as TCR-ζ and Fc_(ε)RI-γ can direct expression of the proteins in an active state on the cell surface.

Many cell lines are available for mammalian expression including mouse, rat human, monkey, and chicken and hamster cells. Exemplary cell lines include, but are not limited to, BHK (i.e. BHK-21 cells), 293-F, CHO, CHO Express (CHOX; Excellgene), Balb/3T3, HeLa, MT2, mouse NS0 (non-secreting) and other myeloma cell lines, hybridoma and heterohybridoma cell lines, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, Sp2/0, COS, NIH3T3, HEK293, 293S, 293T, 2B8, and HKB cells. Cell lines also are available adapted to serum-free media which facilitates purification of secreted proteins from the cell culture media. One such example is the serum free EBNA-1 cell line (Pham et al. (2003) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 84:332-42).

5. Purification

Methods for purification of terpene synthases, such as LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides, from host cells depend on the chosen host cells and expression systems. For secreted molecules, proteins are generally purified from the culture media after removing the cells. For intracellular expression, cells can be lysed and the proteins purified from the extract. When transgenic organisms such as transgenic plants and animals are used for expression, tissues or organs can be used as starting material to make a lysed cell extract. Additionally, transgenic animal production can include the production of polypeptides in milk or eggs, which can be collected, and if necessary the proteins can be extracted and further purified using standard methods in the art.

Terpene synthases, including LPP and sclareol synthases, can be purified using standard protein purification techniques known in the art including but not limited to, SDS-PAGE, size fraction and size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, chelate chromatography and ionic exchange chromatography. Expression constructs also can be engineered to add an affinity tag such as a myc epitope, GST fusion or His₆ and affinity purified with myc antibody, glutathione resin, and Ni-resin, respectively, to a protein. Purity can be assessed by any method known in the art including gel electrophoresis and staining and spectrophotometric techniques.

6. Fusion Proteins

Fusion proteins containing a terpene synthase, including LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides, and one or more other polypeptides also are provided. Linkage of a terpene synthase polypeptide with another polypeptide can be effected directly or indirectly via a linker. In one example, linkage can be by chemical linkage, such as via heterobifunctional agents or thiol linkages or other such linkages. Fusion also can be effected by recombinant means. Fusion of a terpene synthase, such as a LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptide, to another polypeptide can be to the N- or C-terminus of the LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptide.

A fusion protein can be produced by standard recombinant techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different polypeptide sequences can be ligated together in-frame in accordance with conventional techniques, e.g., by employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers that give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments that can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, e.g., Ausubel et al. (eds.) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, 1992). Moreover, many expression vectors are commercially available that already encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST polypeptide). A LPP synthase polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the LPP synthase protein. A sclareol synthase polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the sclareol synthase protein. In some examples, a LPP synthase polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the LPP synthase is linked in frame to a sclareol synthase polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid (as described for example in Example 8). The LPP and sclareol synthases can be linked directly, without a linker, or alternatively, linked indirectly in-frame with a linker (as described for example in Example 10).

F. Methods for Producing Terpenes Catalyzed by LPP and Sclareol Synthases and Methods for Detecting Such Products and the Activity of the LPP and Sclareol Synthases

The LPP and sclareol synthases provided herein can be used to, and assessed for their ability to, produce terpenes, including monoterpenes, diterpenes and sesquiterpenes, from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, including, but not limited to, farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), geranyl diphosphate (GPP) or geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). Typically, the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein produce labdenediol diphosphate from GGPP and the sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein produce sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. In some examples, the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein produce labdenediol diphosphate from GGPP under conditions such that the labdenediol diphosphate is converted to sclareol. Any method known to one of skill in the art can be used to produce terpenes, including labdenediol diphosphate and sclareol, catalyzed by the LPP and sclareol synthases provided herein. The ability of the LPP and sclareol synthases provided herein to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate and sclareol, respectively, from GGPP and LPP substrates can be assessed using these methods.

Other activities and properties of the terpene synthases, such as the LPP and sclareol synthases provided herein, also can be assessed using methods and assays well known in the art. In addition to assessing the activity of the synthases and their ability to catalyze the formation of terpenes, the kinetics of the reaction, modified regiochemistry or stereochemistry, altered substrate utilization and/or altered product distribution (as compared to another LPP or sclareol synthase) can be assessed using methods well known in the art. For example, the amount and type of terpenes produced from GGPP or labdenediol diphosphate by the LPP or sclareol synthase polypeptides can be assessed by gas chromatography methods (e.g. GC-MS), such as those described in Examples 4 and 7.

Provided below are methods for the production of labdenediol diphosphate, labdenediol, sclareol and (−)-ambroxide, where production of LPP and sclareol is catalyzed by the LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein.

1. Labdenediol Diphosphate and Labdenediol

The labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides provided herein can be used to catalyze the formation of labdenediol diphosphate from an acyclic pyrophosphate precursor, such as GGPP. In some examples, the LPP synthase polypeptides provided herein are expressed in cells that produce or overproduce GGPP, such that labdenediol diphosphate is produced as described elsewhere herein. In other examples, the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides provided herein are expressed and purified from any suitable host cell, such as described in Section E. The purified synthases are then combined in vitro with a GGPP to produce labdenediol diphosphate. Labdenediol diphosphate production is determined following conversion of labdenediol diphosphate to labdenediol, such as, by addition of an alkaline phosphatase.

In some examples, the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide provided herein is overexpressed and purified as described in Section E above. The labdenediol diphosphate synthase is then incubated with the substrate geranylgeranyl diphosphate and labdenediol diphosphate is produced. Treatment of the reaction mixture with alkaline phosphatase results in the formation of labdenediol. An organic solvent is added to partition the labdenediol into the organic phase for analysis. Production of labdenediol and quantification of the amount of product are then determined using any method provided herein, such as gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (e.g. GC-MS) using an internal standard. Alternatively, the labdenediol diphosphate synthase is expressed in host cells that also produce GGPP, resulting in the production of labdenediol diphosphate. Labdenediol diphosphate is converted to labdenediol by addition of alkaline phosphatase to the cell culture medium. Labdenediol then can be extracted from the cell culture medium with an organic solvent and subsequently isolated or purified by any known method, such as column chromatography or HPLC, and the amount and purity of the recovered labdenediol are assessed.

Labdenediol diphosphate can readily undergo chemical or enzymatic modifications, depending on the conditions under which the reaction is carried out, resulting in the formation of labdenediol, sclareol and/or other terpenes. In some examples, the labdenediol diphosphate is converted to sclareol by addition of a sclareol synthase. In other examples, the labdenediol diphosphate is converted to sclareol under acidic conditions by acid rearrangement. For example, when the pH of the reaction medium or cell culture medium is 7 or below 7, the amount of sclareol produced is increased compared to other terpene products (see, e.g. International Pat. Pub. No. WO2009044336). In such examples, as the amount of sclareol increases, the amount of labdenediol decreases. Thus, in some examples provided herein, a labdenediol diphosphate synthase is reacted with GGPP in vitro, or in vivo in cells that produce GGPP, under acidic conditions and sclareol is isolated. In other examples, the reaction is carried out in the absence of Mg²⁺, resulting in increased amounts of sclareol compared to other reaction products.

In yet other examples, the reaction products formed when a LPP synthase provided herein is reacted with GGPP, either in vitro, or in vivo in cells that produce GGPP, varies depending on the presence or absence of phosphatases. As indicated above, treatment with a phosphatase, such as alkaline phosphatase, results in the conversion of labdenediol diphosphate to labdenediol. In other examples, inhibition of phosphatases, for example, by addition of the inhibitor Na₃VO₄, results in suppression of phosphatase activity and an increased proportion of labdenediol diphosphate as compared to labdenediol.

2. Sclareol

The sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein catalyze the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. In some examples, the sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein are expressed and purified from any suitable host cell, such as described in Section E. The purified synthases are then combined in vitro with labdenediol diphosphate to produce sclareol. In such examples, labdenediol diphosphate typically is generated by reaction of GGPP with a labdenediol diphosphate synthase, as described above. An organic solvent is added to partition the sclareol into the organic phase for analysis. Production of sclareol and quantification of the amount of product are then determined using any method provided herein, such as gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (e.g. GC-MS) using an internal standard.

In some examples, sclareol is produced directly from geranylgeranyl diphosphate. In such examples, a labdenediol diphosphate synthase is incubated with the substrate GGPP generating labdenediol diphosphate, which is reacted with a sclareol synthase thereby producing sclareol. The two synthases can be added or present simultaneously or sequentially. Sclareol can be extracted from the cell culture medium with an organic solvent and subsequently isolated or purified by any known method, such as column chromatography or HPLC, and the amount and purity of the recovered sclareol are assessed. In some examples, the LPP synthase polypeptides and sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein are expressed in cells that produce or overproduce GGPP, such that sclareol is produced directly from GGPP. Production of sclareol can be assessed as described above.

Alternatively, as described above, sclareol can be produced directly from labdenediol diphosphate under acidic conditions whereby labdenediol diphosphate undergoes rearrangement forming sclareol. The labdenediol diphosphate can be generated by any method known to one in the art. Typically, labdenediol diphosphate is generated by reaction of GGPP with a LPP synthase polypeptide provided herein. In such examples, use of an acidic medium promotes the formation of sclareol.

3. Production of Labdenediol Diphosphate and Sclareol

a. Exemplary Cells

Labdenediol diphosphate and/or sclareol can be produced by expressing a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide and/or a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein in a cell line that produces GGPP as part of the mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (e.g. fungi, including yeast cells, and animal cells) or the mevalonate-independent isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (e.g. bacteria and higher plants). In particular examples, labdenediol diphosphate is produced by expressing a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide provided herein in a cell line that has been modified to overproduce GGPP. Labdenediol diphosphate can be converted to labdenediol or sclareol using any method described herein above. In other examples, sclareol is produced by expressing a labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide provided herein and a sclareol synthase polypeptide provided herein in a cell line that has been modified to overproduce GGPP. Exemplary of such cells are modified yeast cells. For example, yeast cells that have been modified to produce less squalene synthase or less active squalene synthase (e.g. erg9 mutants; see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303 and 6,689,593) are useful in the methods provided herein to produce labdenediol diphosphate. Reduced squalene synthase activity results in accumulation of FPP in the host cell at higher levels compared to wild type yeast cells, which in turn allows an increase in GGPP, thus allowing for increased yields of labdenediol diphosphate. Exemplary modified yeast cells include, but are not limited to, modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains CALI5-1 (ura3, leu2, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1), ALX7-95 (ura3, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue), ALX11-30 (ura3, trp1, erg9^(def)25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue), and those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,838,279, 7,842,497, 6,531,303 and 6,689,593 and published U.S. Patent Appl. Nos. US20040249219 and 20110189717.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CALI5-1 is a derivative of SW23B#74 (described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303 and 6,689,593, and Takahashi et al. (2007) (Biotechnol Bioeng. 97(1):170-181), which itself is derived from wild type strain ATCC 28383 (MATa). CALI5-1 was generated to have a decreased activity of the Dpp1 phosphatase (see e.g. U.S. Published Appl. No. US20040249219). Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CALI5-1 contains, among other mutations, an erg9 mutation (the Δerg9::HIS3 allele) as well as a mutation supporting aerobic sterol uptake enhancement (sue). It also contains approximately 8 copies of the truncated HMG2 gene. The truncated form of HMG2 is driven by the GPD promoter and is therefore no longer under tight regulation, allowing for an increase in carbon flow to FPP. It also contains a deletion in the gene encoding diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) phosphatase enzyme (dpp1), which limits dephosphorylation of FPP.

ALX7-95 and ALX11-30.1 are derivatives of CALI5-1. ALX7-95 was derived from CALI5-1 by correcting the Δleu2 deficiency of CALI5-1 with a functional leu gene so that leucine is not required to be supplemented to the media (see e.g. US2010/0151519). ALX11-30 was constructed from CALI5-1 in several steps, by 1) introducing a mutation into the ERG9 gene by error prone PCR and selecting for clones that produce a reporter protein in medium lacking ergosterol; 2) transforming such a clone with a complete HIS3 gene and selecting a transformant that grows in the absence of histidine; and 3) growing several generations of such a clone and selecting for a colony lacking the reporter protein (see, U.S. application Ser. No. 13/317,839).

b. Culture of Cells

In exemplary methods, a labdenediol diphosphate synthase provided herein is expressed in a host cell line that has been modified to overexpress geranylgeranyl diphosphate whereby upon expression of the labdenediol diphosphate synthase, geranylgeranyl diphosphate is converted to labdenediol diphosphate and/or sclareol. In other exemplary methods, a labdenediol diphosphate synthase and a sclareol synthase provided herein are expressed in a host cell line that has been modified to overexpress geranylgeranyl diphosphate whereby upon expression of both synthases, geranylgeranyl diphosphate is converted to sclareol. The LPP synthase and sclareol synthase can be expressed separately, or together, as a fusion protein described elsewhere herein. The LPP synthase and sclareol synthase can be expressed simultaneously or sequentially. The host cell is cultured using any suitable method well known in the art. In some examples, such as for high throughput screening of cell expressing various labdenediol diphosphate or sclareol synthases, the cells expressing the labdenediol diphosphate or sclareol synthase are cultured in individual wells of a 96-well plate. In other examples where the host cell is yeast, the cell expressing the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides and GGPP, or labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptide, sclareol synthase polypeptide and GGPP, is cultured using fermentation methods such as those described below.

A variety of fermentation methodologies can be utilized for the production of labdenediol diphosphate from yeast cells expressing the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides provided herein. For example, large scale production can be effected by either batch or continuous fermentation. A classical batch fermentation is a closed system where the composition of the medium is set at the beginning of the fermentation and not subject to artificial alterations during the fermentation. Thus, at the beginning of the fermentation the medium is inoculated with the desired microorganism or microorganisms and fermentation is permitted to occur without further addition of nutrients. Typically, the concentration of the carbon source in a batch fermentation is limited, and factors such as pH and oxygen concentration are controlled. In batch systems the metabolite and biomass compositions of the system change constantly up to the time the fermentation is stopped. Within batch cultures cells typically modulate through a static lag phase to a high growth log phase and finally to a stationary phase where growth rate is diminished or halted. If untreated, cells in the stationary phase will eventually die.

A variation on the standard batch system is the Fed-Batch system, which is similar to a typical batch system with the exception that nutrients are added as the fermentation progresses. Fed-Batch systems are useful when catabolite repression tends to inhibit the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable to have limited amounts of substrate in the medium. Also, the ability to feed nutrients will often result in higher cell densities in Fed-Batch fermentation processes compared to Batch fermentation processes. Factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, and the partial pressure of waste gases such as CO are generally measured and controlled in Fed-Batch fermentations.

Production of the labdenediol diphosphate and/or sclareol also can be accomplished with continuous fermentation. Continuous fermentation is an open system where a defined fermentation medium is added continuously to a bioreactor and an equal amount of conditioned medium is removed simultaneously for processing. This system generally maintains the cultures at a constant high density where cells are primarily in their log phase of growth. Continuous fermentation allows for modulation of any number of factors that affect cell growth or end product concentration. For example, one method will maintain a limiting nutrient such as the carbon source or nitrogen level at a fixed rate and allow all other parameters to moderate. In other systems a number of factors affecting growth can be altered continuously while the cell concentration, measured by the medium turbidity, is kept constant. Continuous systems aim to maintain steady state growth conditions and thus the cell loss due to the medium removal must be balanced against the cell growth rate in the fermentation. Methods of modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous fermentation processes as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation are well known in the art.

Following cell culture, the cell culture medium then can be harvested to obtain the produced labdenediol diphosphate as labdenediol after treatment with alkaline phosphatase, or sclareol.

c. Isolation and Assessment

The labdenediol and/or sclareol produced using the methods above with the labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides and sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein can be isolated and assessed by any method known in the art. In one example, the cell culture medium is extracted with an organic solvent to partition labdenediol, sclareol and any other terpene produced, into the organic layer. Labdenediol and/or sclareol production can be assessed and/or the labdenediol and/or sclareol isolated from other products using any method known in the art, such as, for example, gas chromatography or column chromatography. For example, the organic layer can be analyzed by gas chromatography.

The quantity of labdenediol and/or sclareol produced can be determined by any known standard chromatographic technique useful for separating and analyzing organic compounds. For example, labdenediol and/or sclareol production can be assayed by any known chromatographic technique useful for the detection and quantification of hydrocarbons, such as labdenediol and/or sclareol and other terpenes, including, but not limited to, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID), capillary GC-MS, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and column chromatography. Typically, these techniques are carried out in the presence of known internal standards which are used to quantify the amount of the terpene produced. For example, terpenes, including diterpenes, such as labdenediol and/or sclareol, can be identified by comparison of retention times and mass spectra to those of authentic standards in gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. Typical standards include, but are not limited to, sclareol and labdenediol. In other examples, quantification can be achieved by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection based upon calibration curves with known amounts of authentic standards and normalization to the peak area of an internal standard. These chromatographic techniques allow for the identification of any terpene present in the organic layer, including, for example, other terpenes produced by the labdenediol diphosphate synthase, including, for example, (+)-manoyl oxide, (+)-13-epi-manoyl oxide, geranylgeraniol and sclareol.

In some examples, kinetics of labdenediol and/or sclareol production can be determined by synthase assays in which radioactive isoprenoid substrates, such as ³H GGPP or ¹⁴C GGPP, are utilized with varying concentrations of synthase. The products are extracted into an organic layer and radioactivity is measured using a liquid scintillation counter. Kinetic constants are determined from direct fits of the Michaelis-Menton equation to the data.

4. Production of (−)-Ambroxide

The labdenediol diphosphate synthase polypeptides and sclareol synthase polypeptides provided herein produce sclareol, which then can be converted to (−)-ambroxide. (−)-Ambroxide is used as a base note in the perfume industry as a substitute for ambergris. Conversion of sclareol to (−)-ambroxide can be carried out through chemical or biosynthetic means (see e.g. Barrero et al. (1993) Tetrahedron 49(45): 10405-10412; Barrero et al., (2004) Synthetic Communications 34(19):3631-3643; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,701,543, 4,734,530, 4,814,469, 5,290,955 and 5,463,089; U.S. Pat. Publication No. 20060223883; International Pat. Publication No. WO2006010287; and Example 12 below). In one example, sclareol is converted to (−)-ambroxide by purely chemical methods involving oxidative degradation or ozonolysis of the side chain of sclareol followed by reduction and cyclization (see Example 12, Scheme II). In another example, sclareol is converted to sclareolide by the organism Cryptococcus magnus, ATCC 20918 (ATCC; deposited as Cryptococcus albidus by International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc.) as described in Example 9 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,970,163 and 5,212,078. Sclareolide is then converted to (−)-ambroxide following reduction and cyclization (see Example 12, Scheme III). (−)-Ambroxide can be purified from the reaction mixture by extraction with organic solvents, such as ethers and hydrocarbons, including for example, methyl tert-butyl ether, diethylether, n-hexane and toluene, column chromatography, or extraction with an organic solvent followed by column chromatography. (−)-Ambroxide formation can be confirmed and/or quantified by any of the chromatographic techniques described herein.

G. Examples

The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Example 1 Isolation of RNA and Generation of cDNA from Nicotiana glutinosa

RNA was extracted from the leaves of the tobacco plant Nicotiana glutinosa. N. glutinosa was purchased from a nursery in California, USA. Leaves, smaller than 1 cm, were cut from the plant, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and ground to a fine powder using a mortar and pestle. Ground tissue was resuspended and thawed in TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). Remaining insoluble material was pelleted by centrifugation at 12,000×g for 5 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant was extracted, chloroform was added (⅕ volume of TRIzol; e.g., 200 μL to 1 mL), and the mixture was vortexed. Following another centrifugation step, the aqueous phase was collected and transferred to a new tube. Isopropanol was added to precipitate the RNA, which was pelleted and washed with 70% ethanol. The resultant RNA was treated with DNase (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, Mass.) for 1 hour, and pure total RNA was obtained using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.).

Total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using the DyNAmo cDNA synthesis kit (Finnzymes, New England BioLabs) and the Oligo(dT)₁₅ primer, following the manufacturer's instructions with the following modifications. The reverse transcriptase reaction was conducted at 37° C. for 10 minutes, then at 42° C. for 1 hour. Upon completion of the reaction, the reverse transcriptase was inactivated by heating at 70° C. for 10 minute and adding 1 mM EDTA.

Example 2 Isolation of a Class II Diterpene Synthase

The cDNA from the tobacco plant N. glutinosa, generated in Example 1 above, was used to isolate a class II diterpene synthase.

A. Primer Design and Amplification of a Class II Diterpene Synthase

To design a set of oligonucleotides to identify class II diterpene synthases from N. glutinosa, DNA sequences of several class II diterpene synthases were aligned to identify conserved regions among this class of synthases using ClustalW, a web-based program (see, e.g., ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalw2/; Thomson et al. 1994 Nucleic Acid Research 11(22):4673-4680). Several conserved areas were selected and used to design oligonucleotides for degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One such degenerate oligonucleotide was designed from the sequence close to the 3′ end of the sequences (30-101.4, set forth in SEQ ID NO:17). This oligonucleotide was used as a primer, along with the UPM primer (SEQ ID NO:18) provided in the SMARTer™ RACE PCR kit (Clontech), for PCR amplification. The PCR thermocycler conditions were as follows, using the Advantage 2 PCR kit (Clontech) with the addition of 0.2% DMSO:

1) 30 cycles of:

-   -   94° C. for 30 seconds     -   62° C. for 45 seconds     -   72° C. for 2 minutes         The PCR products were evaluated on a 1.2% agarose gel and a 980         base pair PCR product was observed. The PCR product was cloned         into a pGEM-T vector (Promega; SEQ ID NO:52) using the TA         cloning method, and sequenced. The cDNA sequence is set forth in         SEQ ID NO: 15, encoding a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence         is set forth in SEQ ID NO:16.

The sequence of amino acids of the polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:16) was submitted for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTX) analysis to identify enzymes with regions sharing homology with the generated fragment. The sequence shares 45% identity with the copal-8-ol diphosphate synthase sequence from Cistus creticus subsp. creticus (SEQ ID NO:45; NCBI Accession No. ADJ93862), thereby indicating that the encoded polypeptide is from a class II diterpene synthase.

B. cDNA Isolation by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RACE-PCR)

Based on the PCR fragment set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, a set of oligonucleotide primers, 30-124.1 (SEQ ID NO:19) and 30-124.2 (SEQ ID NO:20), were designed to perform RACE-PCR. The two RACE-PCR-generated fragments were sequenced and two partial cDNA molecules were assembled using ContigExpress (Invitrogen). The 5′ part of assembled sequence contained 558 base pairs (SEQ ID NO:48), which encodes an 186 amino acid protein (SEQ ID NO:49), and the 3′ part of cDNA molecule contained 1599 base pairs (SEQ ID NO:50), which encodes a 532 amino acid protein (SEQ ID NO:51). The two sequences were submitted to a BlastX search. The 5′ portion of the cDNA has 55% homology to copal-8-ol diphosphate synthase from Cistus creticus subsp. Creticus (SEQ ID NO:45; NCBI Accession No. ADJ93862), and the 3′ portion of the cDNA has 50% homology to the same sequence.

Example 3 Isolation of Full-Length Class II Diterpene Synthases

In this example, full length cDNA molecule variants of the NgLPP synthase encoding fragments isolated in Example 2 were amplified and isolated. Based on the assembled diterpene synthase class II sequence assembled from two RACE-PCR products, oligonucleotide forward and reverse primers, designated 30-137.1 (SEQ ID NO:21) and 30-137.3 (SEQ ID NO:23), respectively, were designed to amplify the full-length cDNA molecule by PCR. The first 55 amino acids of the protein sequence (set forth in SEQ ID NO:43 and 100) were determined to be a chloroplast transit sequence, using the web-base prediction program ChloroP (cbs.dtu.dk/services/ChloroP/; Emanuelsson et al. (1999) Protein Science 8:978-984). To isolate nucleic acid encoding polypeptides corresponding to the mature protein lacking the chloroplast signaling sequence, a forward primer, designated 30-137.2 (SEQ ID NO:22), was designed to be used in combination with the reverse primer 30-137.3 (SEQ ID NO:23) for PCR amplification.

All resulting PCR products were cloned into pGEM-T vector and sequenced. The clones corresponding to the PCR products amplified using the 30-137.1 and 30-137.3 primers (SEQ ID NOS:21 and 23, respectively) were designated NgLPP2-1 (full-length sequence), and each of the unique sequence isolates was given a sequential isolate number. The web-based BlastX program (Altschul et al., (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410) was then used to compare the sequence of the identified with sequences in the GenBank database. It shares 50% amino acid sequence identity with the Cistus creticus labdenediol diphosphate (LPP) synthase (SEQ ID NO:45; NCBI Accession No. ADJ93862) and 51% to 45% homology with copalyl synthases from various plant species. The product of this DNA sequence contains an arginine in close proximity of the Mg²⁺ binding and active site, which is conserved among diterpene class II enzymes responsible for secondary metabolite production (Mann et al. (2010) J. Biol. Chem. 285(27):20558-20563), thus, the product of this DNA sequence is predicted as a class II diterpene synthase producing a secondary metabolite such as labdenediol diphosphate.

The sequences, lacking the chloroplast signaling sequence, obtained using the 30-137.2 and 30-137.3 primers (SEQ ID NOS:22 and 23, respectively), were designated NgLPP2-2, and, like the full-length sequences, each unique isolated product was given a sequential isolate number. Several nucleotide variants were identified for the full-length and truncated sequences, when all sequences were aligned using AlignX program (Invitrogen) and compared to consensus DNA and protein sequences (SEQ ID NOS:53 and 54, respectively). Several of the polymorphisms result in variations in the encoded amino acid sequence. The variants, and the corresponding amino acid substitutions for the sequences identified, as compared to the consensus sequence generated from multiple sequence alignment, are set forth in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 Summary of identified LPP variants Nucleotide variation cDNA Protein Isolate No. (amino acid change)* SEQ ID NO SEQ ID NO full-length cDNA NgLPP2-1-2 C91T (L→F) 1 2 sequence G2256A (silent) G2314A (A→T) T2348C (V→A) G2394T (Q→H) NgLPP2-1-3 G724A (A→T) 3 4 G792A (silent) A815G (D→G) A1322G (K→R) NgLPP2-1-4 C215T (S→F) 5 6 G451A (D→N) G792A (silent) A1432G (R→G) C2021T (A→V) T2252C (V→A) w/out chloroplast NgLPP2-2-1 A291G (silent) 7 8 signal peptide G792A (silent) (Δ1-55) T2391A (F→L) NgLPP2-2-2 A183T (silent) 9 10 T598C (silent) A1965G (silent) G2256A (silent) G2314A (A→T) T2348C (V→A) G2394T (silent) NgLPP2-2-3 C1024T (R→C) 11 12 A1981G (I→V) C2156T (T→I) NgLPP2-2-4 C2156T (T→I) 13 14 *compared to the consensus DNA (SEQ ID NO: 53) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO: 54) sequences

Example 4 Expression of NgLPP2 and Analysis of Enzyme Product

In this example, NgLPP2 variants 2-2-2 and 2-2-4, isolated in Example 3, were expressed, purified and subsequently tested to confirm labdenediol diphosphate (LPP) synthase activity.

A. Expression and Purification of NgLPP2-2-2 and NgLPP2-2-4

Among the variants identified in Example 3, two isozymes were most abundant: NgLPP2-2-2 and NgLPP2-2-4. These sequences were sub-cloned into a pET28 expression vector (Novagen) between the NdeI and NotI restriction sites, thereby fusing the coding sequence of an N-terminal hexa histidine to the coding sequences of the NgLPP synthases.

The resulting plasmids were transformed into T7 Express Ig E. coli cells (New England BioLabs), which were plated on Lysogeny broth (LB) agar plates containing 50 μg/mL kanamycin. The following day, for each vector, a single colony was selected from the LB plate and inoculated into 50 mL LB medium with 50 μg/mL kanamycin. The cultures were incubated overnight at 37° C. with constant shaking, and then diluted to an OD600 of 0.2 in 500 mL of LB with kanamycin (50 μg/mL). The diluted cultures were incubated at 37° C., while constantly shaking, until they reached an OD600 of 0.6. NgLPP2 protein expression was then induced by adding 500 μM IPTG.

The induction was conducted for 5.5 hours at room temperature, and the OD600 was checked every hour. The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5,000×g in a Sorvall centrifuge for 10 minutes. The supernatants were removed and the pellets were frozen at −20° C. until further processing.

Protein was purified from each sample as described below. The pellet was thawed and resuspended in 20 mL of Bugbuster solution (Novagen) with 1 mM PMSF, and 1 unit of Benzonase® endonuclease (Merck KGaA) per mL of Bugbuster solution. The cell suspensions were incubated at room temperature, with constant shaking, for 15 minutes, and then cellular debris was pelleted by centrifugation at 15,000×g for 20 minutes. The supernatant was transferred into fresh tube and subjected to Ni-NTA column chromatography.

The Ni-NTA column (Qiagen) was equilibrated with lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole (pH 8.0), 10 mM beta-mercaptoethanol (BME), 10% v/v glycerol, 1% v/v Tween 20), followed by sample application. After the column was washed with 20 mL of lysis buffer, followed by 20 mL of washing buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidazole pH 8.0, 10 mM BME, 10% v/v glycerol), the Ni-bound protein was eluted with elution buffer (washing buffer, but with 250 mM imidazole). The column eluate was collected in 3 mL fractions. Each fraction was analyzed by SDS-PAGE.

For both samples, there was a dominant band around 84 kDa, which is in close agreement with the predicted molecular weight of the His-tagged synthase (86 kDa). The fractions that contained the 84 kDa protein were dialyzed in dialysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM BME), using a membrane with a 30 kDa cut off. The buffer was changed once, and then replaced with dialysis-glycerol buffer (50% glycerol with 50% dialysis buffer) to concentrate the sample and to add glycerol for storage purposes.

B. NgLPP2 Enzyme Activity

Labdenediol diphosphate synthase from S. sclarea, designated herein SsLPP synthase (nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:104; amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:58), and described in published International PCT application No. WO 2009101126, was synthesized and cloned into an NdeI/NotI-digested pET28 vector. This His-tagged LPP synthase was purified, as described in part A above, and used as a positive control for subsequent experiments.

Purified NgLPP2 and SsLPP synthase enzymes then were next tested to demonstrate production of labdenediol diphosphate (LPP) from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). The LPP assay buffer was composed of 50 mM HEPES, 100 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl₂ and 1 mM DTT with 100 μM GGPP. The reaction was incubated with purified enzyme at 28° C. overnight. The next morning, 10 units of alkaline phosphatase was added and the mixture was incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. The reaction product(s) was then extracted with hexane and analyzed by GC-MS (PerkinElmer). GC-MS analysis was performed with a Perkin Elmer TurboMass™ GC Mass Spectrometer, equipped with an AutoSystem XL autosampler. GC-MS was run from 50° C. to 275° C. with a ramping rate of 10° C./min, then held for 10 min at 275° C. Negative control samples that either did not contain alkaline phosphatase or contained heat inactivated LPP synthase also were extracted and tested.

The chromatogram revealed two peaks with retention times of 18.69 and 18.91 minutes for each of the NgLPP2-2-2, NgLPP2-2-4, and SsLPP samples, whereas no peak was detected from either of the negative control samples. The profiles of the MS spectra of the peaks at 18.69 and 18.91, for the two NgLPP synthases, were identical to those from the control SsLPP synthase, and were similar to that of a labdenediol standard.

Example 5 Isolation of a Class I Diterpene Synthase

In this example, cDNA from the tobacco plant N. glutinosa, generated in Example 1 above, was used to isolate a class I diterpene synthase.

A. Primer Design

The amino acid sequences for several class I diterpene synthases were aligned to identify areas of conservation. Two conserved motifs of interest were identified: DDFFDV (SEQ ID NO:41), a known active site for all class I diterpene synthases, and A(M/L)AFR (SEQ ID NO:42). Degenerate oligonucleotide sequences, to be used as primers, were deduced from these conserved amino acid motifs. The A(M/L)AFR motif was used to design degenerate forward primers and the DDFFDV motif was used to design degenerate reverse primers.

B. Amplification of a Class I Diterpene Synthase

Total RNA was extracted from Nicotiana glutinosa as described in Example 1. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed with the FailSafe™ PCR kit (Epicentre), according to the manufacturer's instructions, using buffer F, the cDNA from Example 1, and the primers designed in part A in all possible combinations of forward and reverse primers. Touchdown PCR cycling was implemented, to restrict amplification to only those sequences which exhibited very specific base pairing between the primer and the template. For each cycle of touchdown amplification, the annealing temperature was decreased by 0.5° C. The PCR thermocycler conditions were the following:

1) 12 cycles of:

-   -   94° C. for 30 seconds     -   54° C. for 45 seconds (Touchdown: decreased by 0.5° C. per         cycle)     -   68° C. for 2 minutes

2) 28 cycles of:

-   -   94° C. for 30 seconds     -   47° C. for 45 seconds     -   68° C. for 2 minutes

The PCR products were evaluated on a 1.2 agarose gel. A PCR product of approximately 630 base pairs was amplified using primers 27-75.8 and 30-9.8 (SEQ ID NOS:24 and 24, respectively). This 630 bp product was cloned into the pGEM-T vector (Promega; SEQ ID NO:52) using TA cloning, and sequenced.

Two partial cDNA clones were predicted as class I diterpene synthases, based on the encoded sequences. The one of two clones was designated NgSs3. The sequence of the cDNA clone designated NgSs3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO:26, with the encoded amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:27. This sequence was submitted for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTX) searches. The polypeptide encoded by NgSs3 shares 78% homology with the terpenoid cyclase of Nicotiana tabacum (SEQ ID NO:46; NCBI Accession No. AAS98912.1) and the terpene synthase of Solanum lycopersicum (SEQ ID NO:47; NCBI Accession No. ACO56896.1).

C. Full-Length cDNA Isolation by RACE-PCR

Based on the partial sequence information (part B above), primers for RACE-PCR were designed and RACE-PCR was performed to obtain the full-length cDNA of NgSs3. The primers used for RACE-PCR are listed in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6 Primers for RACE-PCR Gene ID Primer name SEQ ID NO cDNA end to amplify NgSs3 30-28.4 28 5′ NgSs3 30-28.1 29 3′

The thermocycler conditions for RACE-PCR were as follows:

1) 94° C. for 3 minutes

2) 30 cycles of:

-   -   94° C. for 30 seconds     -   65° C. for 45 seconds     -   72° C. for 3 minutes

3) 72° C. for 7 minutes

The RACE-PCR products were resolved by electrophoresis in a 1.2% agarose gel. The RACE-PCR products were approximately 1600 bp. The DNA fragments were excised from the gel and cloned into a pGEM-T vector (SEQ ID NO:52; Promega) using the TA cloning method and sequenced.

Each sequence was sequenced 2-3 times for each 3′ and 5′ RACE-PCR product to obtain a complete sequence, and the sequences were assembled using ContigExpress (Invitrogen). The assembled sequences were then subjected to search for homologous sequences in the GenBank database using the web-based BlastX program (Altschul et al., (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410). The assembled NgSs3 sequence is composed of 2382 nucleotide base pairs (SEQ ID NO:30), which encodes a sequence of 793 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:31). The encoded protein sequence for NgSs3 shares 88% homology with terpenoid synthase of N. tabacum (SEQ ID NO:46), and 62% identity with the terpene synthase of Solanum lycopersicum (SEQ ID NO:47). It was predicted that NgSs3 encodes a class I diterpene synthase.

Example 6 Isolation of Full Length Class I Diterpene Synthases

In this example, variants of the NgSs synthase isolated in Example 5 were isolated. To clone full-length cDNA encoding the NgSs synthases, a set of forward and reverse oligonucleotide primers were designed based on the 5′ and 3′ ends of the sequences of cDNA molecules obtained by RACE-PCR. These primers were designated 30-87.13 S3F1 (forward primer; SEQ ID NO:32) and 30-87.15 S3R (reverse primer; SEQ ID NO:34).

Based on its the sequence, the first 38 amino acids of the NgSs3 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:31), identified in Example 5 above, is a chloroplast transit peptide. The cleavage site for the chloroplast signal peptide was predicted using the web-based program, ChloroP (cbs.dtu.dk/services/ChloroP/; Emanuelsson et al. (1999) Protein Science 8:978-984). Subsequently, an alternative forward primer was designed to amplify a truncated S3 sclareol synthase encoding cDNA, lacking the DNA fragment encoding the N-terminal signal peptide. This alternative forward primer was designated 30-87.14 S3F2 (SEQ ID NO:33).

PCR was conducted using the reverse primer 30-87.15 S3R (SEQ ID NO:34) in combination with either the forward primer designed to amplify the full-length cDNA, 30-87.13 S3F1 (SEQ ID NO:32), or the forward primer designed to amplify the truncated sequence, 30-87.14 S3F2 (SEQ ID NO:33) using the following thermocycling conditions:

1) 94° C. for 3 minutes

2) 30 cycles of:

-   -   94° C. for 30 seconds     -   65° C. for 30 seconds     -   72° C. for 2.5 minutes

3) 72° C. for 7 minutes

Details of the PCR products and primers used are set forth in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7 Primers and PCR products Gene Base Amino Truncated Reverse ID pairs acids amino acids Forward Primer Primer S3F1 2391 796 0 30-87.13 S3F1 30-87.15 S3R S3F2 2268 757 39 30-87.14 S3F2 30-87.15 S3R All PCR products were cloned into the pGEM-T vector and sequenced. Several sequence variants were observed from the sequencing analysis. The sequencing results are summarized in Table 8 below. The sequence variations set forth in Table 8 below are in comparison to the assembled RACE-PCR product, NgSs3, generated in Example 5 above. The N-terminal domain of the nucleic acid encoding the sclareol synthase S3F2-3 was codon optimized for expression in yeast. The codon optimized nucleic acid is set forth in SEQ ID NO:89.

TABLE 8 Sclareol Synthase Variants Protein Isolate Nucleotide variation cDNA SEQ ID No. (amino acid change)* SEQ ID NO NO full-length S3F1-1 A80T, AGA 81-83 35 36 cDNA deletion sequence (K27N, D28del) A95C (H32P) G155A (G52E) A156G (silent) G176T (G59V) C867A (F289L) G895A (D299N) G1146A (silent) A1197T (silent) C1362T (silent) A1719G (silent) A1756G (I586V) T2112A (silent) G2173A (V725M) S3F1-4 G155A (G52E) 77 78 T2105C (V702A) T2112A (silent) G2173A (V725M) w/out S3F2-1 G155A (G52E) 37 38 chloroplast C193T (P65S) signal peptide A329T (H110L) (Δaa1-38) A777G (silent) G1555T (silent) T2112A (silent) G2173A (V725M) S3F2-3 G155A (G52E) 39 40 C193T (P65S) A329T (H110L) T719C (L240P) T2112A (silent) G2173A (V725M) *compared to original RACE-PCR-identified sequence (NgSs3; SEQ ID NOS: 30 and 31)

Example 7 Expression of Nicotiana glutinosa Diterpene Synthase (NgSs) Gene and Enzyme Product Analysis

In this example, NgSs N. glutinosa sclareol synthase S3F2-3, isolated in Example 6, was expressed, purified and subsequently tested to demonstrate sclareol synthase activity.

A. Expression and Purification of NgSs3 S3F2-3

The pGEM-T vector, containing the NgSs3 synthase, S3F2-3, was digested using FauI and XhoI restriction enzymes, and cloned into the pMAL-C5E vector (New England BioLabs) that had been digested using NdeI and SalI. The pMAL-C5E vector contains a maltose binding protein (MBP; 42.5 kDa) moiety so that the amino terminus of the recombinant NgSs synthase (MBP-NgSs) can be fused, which facilitates protein purification by amylose affinity chromatography. The resulting plasmid was designated pAlx 40-103.2 (SEQ ID NO:55). To serve as a positive control, a known sclareol synthase from Salvia sclarea (SsSs; nucleic acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:105; amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:60) was synthesized and cloned into the pMAL-5CE vector using the same method described above. This plasmid was designated pAlx 40-69.1 and the sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:56.

Each plasmid was transformed into BL-21 codon plus RIL competent E. coli cells (Agilent), which were plated on Lysogeny broth (LB) agar plates containing ampicillin (100 μg/mL) and chloramphenicol (30 μg/mL) and incubated overnight at 37° C. The following day, individual colonies were picked, inoculated into rich medium (10 g tryptone, 5 g yeast extract, 5 g NaCl, 2 g glucose, 100 mg ampicillin, and 30 mg chloramphenicol per liter ddH₂O), and cultured overnight at 37° C. with constant shaking. Saturated cultures were diluted next morning to OD600 ˜0.2, and were then further incubated with constant shaking until the OD600 reached around 1.1. Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was then added to the cultures, to achieve a final concentration of 300 μM, to induce protein expression at room temperature for 4.5 hours.

Cells were harvested at 5,000×g for 10 minutes, resuspended in column buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA), and were then frozen at −20° C. overnight. The following day, the cell suspension was thawed on ice and cell lysates were generated by French press. Each sample was passed through the French press once under approximately 1100 psi. The crude extracts were loaded onto a pre-equilibrated amylose column (New England BioLabs), followed by a wash of ten volumes of column buffer. The NgSs3 synthase was eluted from the column using four volumes of elution buffer (10 mM maltose in column buffer). The eluate was collected in three mL fractions and the protein concentration of each fraction was quantified by Bradford assay (Thermo Scientific).

Ten (10) microliters of protein from the crude extracts and eluate fractions were resolved by SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie blue. In the crude extract of the cells expressing the NgSs3, there a dominant band ran around 130 kDa, corresponding well with the predicted size of the MBP-NgSs3 chimeric protein. A similar band, running at approximately 98.5 kDa, was observed for the MBP-SsSs-containing extract. The affinity-purified protein, recovered from the amylose columns was relatively pure, primarily containing the 130 kDa and 98.5 kDa proteins mentioned above for the MBP-NgSs3- and MBP-SsSs-containing extracts, respectively. In the case of the MBP-NgSs3 extract, a secondary band was present at approximately 60 kDa which may have been a C-terminal truncated MBP-NgSs3 fusion protein.

B. Enzyme Activity Assay

The N. glutinosa sclareol synthase (NgSs3) was further characterized by assaying its ability to convert labdenediol diphosphate (LPP) to sclareol. An LPP enzyme reaction mix was generated by mixing 100 μM geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) in LPP assay buffer described in Example 4B) containing 10 μL of LPP synthase, purified from S. Sclarea (see Example 4A) and incubated for 4 hours at 28° C. Five hundred (500) μL aliquots of the prepared LPP reaction mix were then incubated with twenty microliters of NgSs3 or SsSs3, affinity-purified enzyme or crude extracts thereof, or a negative control crude extract, overnight at 28° C.

The reaction product was extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis was performed as described in Example 4B. The initial oven temperature was 80° C., which was increased to 275° C. with a ramping rate of 10° C./min. The identity of the product(s) was confirmed by concordance of the retention times and comparison of the spectra obtained from each of the samples with those obtained from known standards.

The crude extracts, containing either Ss sclareol synthase or Ng sclareol synthase, S3F2-3, produced a main product with a retention time of 17.95 and 17.94 min, respectably, which was similar to the retention time of the sclareol standard (17.96 min), while the sample treated with the negative control crude extract did not show any visible sclareol peak. The main product of the reaction using affinity-purified SsSs and NgSs3 and enzymes also generated sclareol peaks, on the chromatogram, at 17.94 min. The MS spectra, corresponding to the retention time of 17.95 min were identical throughout samples and for the sclareol standard, demonstrating that the NgSs3 enzyme is a sclareol synthase.

Example 8 Expression of NgLLP2 2-2 and NgSs S3F2-3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In order to demonstrate sclareol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, NgLPP2 2-2 (SEQ ID NO:10) and NgSs S3F2-3 (SEQ ID NO:40) were cloned into a yeast expression vector containing a gene encoding the GGPP synthase crtE from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. The resulting vector was transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Alx11-30 resulting in the co-expression of LPP and sclareol synthase and GGPP and production of sclareol was determined.

A. Construction of the Yeast Expression Vector pAlx40-152.2

In this example, the gene encoding the GGPP synthase crtE of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous was cloned and inserted into a yeast expression vector. X. dendrorhous was cultured in yeast extract peptone dextrose medium for 16 hours at 30° C. Two (2) mL of culture was pelleted by centrifugation and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The pellet was thawed with 0.5 mL of Trizol solution and 0.5 mL glass beads. The RNA was extracted, treated with DNase and purified as described in Example 1. cDNA synthesis was conducted using ProtoScript MML-V transcriptase (New England Biolabs) following the manufacturer's instruction. Briefly, an Eppendorf tube containing 6 μL of purified total RNA and 2 μL of oligo dT(23) was heated at 70° C. for 5 minutes, followed by the addition of 10 μL of MMLV reaction mix and 2 μL of MMLV enzyme mix. cDNA was synthesized by incubating the tube at 42° C. for 1 hour. MMLV reverse transcriptase was inactivated by heating to 80° C. for 5 minutes.

cDNA encoding CrtE was amplified from the cDNA pool by PCR using oligo 40-145.5 and 40-145.6 (SEQ ID NOS:63 and 64, respectively). PCR reaction parameters were as follows:

1) 96° C. for 1 min, followed by

2) 30 cycles of:

-   -   96° C. for 30 sec     -   55° C. for 30 sec     -   72° C. for 2 min

3) 72° C. for 7 min

PCR was performed using Expand long template PCR system (Roche). The products were resolved by electrophoresis on a 1.2% agarose gel. The resultant PCR product and the yeast expression vector pAlx27-126.2 (SEQ ID NO:65) were digested using KpnI and XbaI and two DNA fragments were ligated. The resultant crtE containing plasmid, pAlx40-152.2 (SEQ ID NO: 66), was sequenced to confirm that there were no mutations introduced during PCR.

B. Generation of a Vector Encoding Labdenediol Diphosphate Synthase and Sclareol Synthase

NgLPP2 2-2 (SEQ ID NO:10) and NgSs S3F2-3 (SEQ ID NO:40) were cloned into the yeast expression vector, pAlx 40-152.2 (SEQ ID NO:66). In brief, NgLPP2 2-2 was amplified by PCR using primers 30-173.3 and 30-137.4 (SEQ ID NOS:67 and 68, respectively). PCR reaction parameters were as follows:

1) 94° C. for 1 min, followed by

2) 30 cycles of:

-   -   96° C. for 30 sec     -   55° C. for 30 sec     -   72° C. for 3 min

3) 72° C. for 7 min

The resulting PCR product and the vector pAlx40-3.1 (SEQ ID NO:69) were digested using KpnI and XbaI and the two DNA fragments were ligated. The resulting plasmid was sequenced to confirm there were no amino acid mutations introduced during PCR. The NgLPP2 2-2 expression cassette was then inserted to the crtE vector pAlx 40-152.2 (SEQ ID NO:66) generated in section A above as follows. The vector was digested using NotI then dephosphorylated and the NgLPP2 2-2 expression cassette was digested using NotI and PspOMI. The two DNA fragments were ligated and a plasmid containing the insert was selected. The resulting plasmid was designated pAlx40-160.4 (SEQ ID NO:70).

NgSs S3F2-3 was amplified by PCR using primers 40-92.1 and 40-92.2 (SEQ ID NOS:71 and 72, respectively) as described above for the NgLPP2 2-2 synthase. The resultant 2292 base pair PCR product was digested using KpnI and NheI. The vector pAlx46-116.2-6 (SEQ ID NO:73) containing an ADH1 promoter and ACT1 terminator was digested using KpnI and XbaI, and the resulting DNA fragments were ligated. The resultant plasmid was designated as pAlx 47-64.1. Various clones were sequenced and a clone free of mutations was selected for further cloning. The selected plasmid, pAlx 47-64.1, was digested using NotI and PspOMI and inserted into the vector pAlx40-160.4 (SEQ ID NO:70) containing the NgLPP2 2-2 synthase that was linearized using NotI. The resultant plasmid containing crtE, NgLPP2 2-2 and NgSs S3F2-3 was designated as pAlx47-66.1 (SEQ ID NO:74; see FIG. 5A).

C. Generation of a Control Plasmid Containing LPP and Sclareol Synthase from Salvia sclarea

A control plasmid encoding sage LPP (SsLPP) and sclareol (SsSs) synthases was constructed using the same vectors, except the cloning vector for SsSs, described above. SsSs was amplified and cloned into the vector designated pAlx 40-13.3 (SEQ ID NO: 75), which contains a PGK promoter and erg10 terminator. The final plasmid containing crtE, SsLPP and SsSs was designated as pAlx 40-170.2R (SEQ ID NO:76; see FIG. 5B).

D. Expression of Sclareol

pAlx47-66.1 (SEQ ID NO:74) a encoding LPP synthase and sclareol synthase, and the positive control vector pAlx40-170.2 (SEQ ID NO:76) were transformed into the engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, Alx11-30 (ura3, trp1, erg9^(def)25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue). The transformants were plated on synthetic drop out medium without tryptophan, histidine, uracil and leucine (SD-THUL) and several colonies were selected and inoculated into liquid SD-THUL medium. After incubation for two days at 30° C., each isolate was moved to fermentation medium and incubated for three days at 30° C. with constant shaking.

Sclareol was extracted from culture by adding an equal volume of acetone, then two volumes of hexane. Samples were analyzed using gas chromatography (Agilent). The GC parameters were as follows: initial starting temperature was 100° C.; which was then increased to 175° C. using a ramp rate of 50° C./min; which was then increased from 175° C. to 230° C. using a ramp rate of 10° C./min; which was then increased to 275° C. using a ramp rate of 50° C./min. The identity of the product(s) was confirmed by concordance of the retention times and comparison Of the spectra obtained from each of the samples with those obtained from known standards.

A peak corresponding to sclareol was observed at the same retention time as for the positive control strain expressing sage LPP and sclareol synthase. The hexane layer was moved to new vial from the sample and analyzed again using GC-MS, as described in Example 4B. The results showed the two peaks had the same mass spectrometry pattern and both represented sclareol.

Example 9 Structure Analysis

In this example, the structures of the NgLPP2 1-2 synthase and the NgSs synthase were determined by modeling with known class II and class I terpene diterpene synthases.

A. Nicotiana glutinosa Labdenediol Diphosphate Synthase (NgLPP)

The web based modeling program Swiss-Model (swissmodel.expasy.org; Arnold et al. (2006) Bioinformatics 22:195-201; Kiefer et al. (2009) Nucleic Acids Research 37:D387-D392; Peitsch, M. C. (1995) Bio/Technology 13:658-660) was used to build a three-dimensional model structure of the Nicotiana glutinosa labdenediol diphosphate synthase NgLPP2 1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) identified herein. Specifically, the structure model was built using automated mode with the crystal structure of the mature form of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana (Köksal et al. (2011) Nat. Chem. Biol. 7(7):431-433; PDB Accession No. 3PYB; SEQ ID NO:82) as a template. The class II diterpene synthase ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase is a 802 amino acid precursor protein set forth in SEQ ID NO:83. The protein used for crystallization was 727 amino acids in length, containing a C-terminal hexa-his tag for purification (GSHHHHHH; amino acids 720-727 of SEQ ID NO:82). The structure of NgLPP2 1-2 was compared to that of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase to locate the active site and domain breaks using the Swiss-PdbViewer program (SPDBV; version 4.01; Guex et al. (1997) Electrophoresis 18:2714-2723; expasy.org/spdbv). The two structures were superimposed using ‘iterative magic fit’ by matching alpha carbons pairwise. The resulting root mean square (RMS) distance between the two structures was 0.23 Å. The ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase and NgLPP2 1-2 class II diterpene synthases share only 44% sequence identity on an amino acid level.

Modeling revealed the overall structure of NgLPP2 1-2 was nearly identical to that of class II diterpene synthases which contain three α helical domains, α, β and γ (see Table 9 below). The α domain of NgLPP2 1-2 was located between amino acids Arg537 to Gln801 and was less conserved as compared to the βγ domains, containing a larger loop from Asp624 to Thr633 and longer helices from His662 to Ala687 and Ala710 to Gln730. With the exception of the loop from Thr125 to Asp132 that is longer than the same loop in ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, the βγ domains were very structurally similar. Similar to a structure previously reported in Wendt et al. (Science 277:1812-1815 (1997)), the γ domain (Ser111 to Tyr326) is located between the first and second α helices of the β domain (Thr88 to Ser110 and Pro327 to Gln536). As the template structure of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase contained only the mature protein, the first 87 amino acids of NgLPP2 1-2 were not modeled. The structural helices and loops are set forth in Table 10 below.

The active site, DXDDTXM motif (SEQ ID NO:79) which is conserved among all class II diterpene synthases is located in the β domain at amino acids Asp380-Met386 superimposing to that of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase by 0.04 Å. Since class II diterpene synthases do not need to bind metal ions, but directly initiate cyclization by protonation of double bond on isoprene, there is no DDXXD motif in the α domain. However, there is a motif similar to the DDXXD (SEQ ID NO:80) motif in the γ domain having the sequence DDLD (SEQ ID NO:106) between residues Asp272 and Asp275, although an EDXXD-like motif (SEQ ID NO:81; Cao et al. (2010) Proteins 78:2417-2432) in ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase was not conserved in NgLPP2 1-2. It was originally suspected that this EDXXD-like motif might possibly be involved in electrostatic interaction with Mg²⁺, thus assisting cyclization of GGPP to copalyl diphosphate. However, the distance of the DDLD residues to the DXDDTXM motif is about 27 Å in NgLPP2 1-2 and the distance from the EDXXD motif to the DXDDTXM motif in ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase is 18 Å, which makes these residues unable to be involved in any catalytic activity in both cases.

TABLE 9 NgLPP2 1-2 Structural Domains ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase NgLPP2 1-2 Domain (SEQ ID NO: 83) (SEQ ID NO: 2) α A534-V802 S537-Q801 β1 M84-I113 T88-S110 β2 P325-Q533 P327-Q536 γ T114-F324 S111-Y326

TABLE 10 Structural domains and features ent-copalyl diphosphate NgLPP synthase (CPS) (SEQ ID Annotation/ structure (SEQ ID NO: 83) NO: 2) Differences Helix A  92-106  89-103 Loop 1 107-116 104-113 Helix B 117-124 114-121 Loop 2 125-136 122-138 Bigger loop Helix C 137-144 139-146 Loop 3 145-159 147-161 Helix D 160-175 162-177 Loop 4 176-180 178-182 Helix E 181-195 183-200 Longer helix Loop 5 196-209 201-211 Shorter loop Helix F1 210-217 212-225 Longer helix Loop 6 218-220 n.a. Helix F2 221-223 n.a. Loop 7 224-237 226-239 Helix G 238-244 240-248 Loop 8 245-250 249-252 Helix H 251-253 253-256 Loop 9 254-272 257-275 Helix I 273-278 276-281 Loop 10 279-289 282-292 Helix J 290-299 293-302 Loop 11 300-303 303-306 Helix K 304-315 307-318 Loop 12 316-326 319-328 Helix L 327-340 329-343 Loop 13 341-347 344-349 Helix M 348-361 350-363 Loop 14 362-377 364-380 Active site Helix N 378-391 381-394 Active site Loop 15 392-419 395-422 Helix O 420-430 423-433 Loop 16 431-438 434-441 Helix P 439-457 442-460 Loop 17 458-469 461-472 Helix Q 470-479 473-482 Loop 18 480-486 483-489 Helix R 487-495 490-498 Loop 19 496-519 499-522 Helix S 520-558 523-551 Loop 20 550-558 552-561 Helix T 559-572 562-575 Loop 21 573-578 576-581 Helix U 579-598 582-600 Loop 22 599-602 601-613 Helix V 603-618 614-623 Loop 23 619-638 624-633 CPS residues 621-637 missing in crystal structure Helix W 639-661 634-654 Loop 24 662-668 655-661 Helix X 669-685 662-675 Loop 25 686-690 676-678 Helix Y 691-702 679-686 Loop 26 703-708 687-709 Helix Z1 709-711 710-730 Loop 27 712-714 n.a. Helix Z2 715-726 n.a. Loop 28 727-239 731-737 Helix AA 740-759 738-754 Loop 29 760-763 755-764 Helix AB 764-784 765-782 Loop 30 785-790 783-788 Helix AC 791-798 789-796 Loop 31 799-802 797-801 B. Nicotiana glutinosa Sclareol Synthase (NgSs)

A three-dimensional model structure of the Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase NgSs (SEQ ID NO:36) was built as described above using the crystal structure of abietadiene synthase from Abies grandis (AgAs; PDB accession number 3S9V) as a template. Abietadiene synthase is an 868 amino acid precursor protein set forth in SEQ ID NO:84 containing a 70 amino acid chloroplast transit peptide (amino acids 1-70 of SEQ ID NO:84). The protein used for crystallization contained amino acids 85-868 of SEQ ID NO:84 and was 785 amino acids in length (SEQ ID NO:85). The two structures were superimposed using ‘iterative magic fit’ by matching alpha carbons pairwise. The resulting RMS distance between the two proteins was 0.27 Å implying that these two proteins possess very similar structures although they only share 31% sequence identity on an amino acid level.

Modeling revealed the overall structure of NgSs was nearly identical to that of abietadiene synthase, containing three α helical domains, α, β and γ (see Table 11 below). The overall basic structure and size of the sclareol synthase identified herein is very similar to the abietadiene synthase although the N-terminus of sclareol synthase is approximately 70 amino acids shorter than that of abietadiene synthase. The β domain was interrupted by the γ domain between the first and the second α helices. The structural helices and loops are set forth in Table 12 below.

It is known that class I diterpene synthases initiate cyclization by ionization using three Mg²⁺ bound in two aspartic acid motifs, DDXXD (SEQ ID NO:80) and (N/D)DXX(S/T)XXXE (NTE motif; SEQ ID NO:101) (see e.g. Zhou et al. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287:6840-6850, and Köksal et al. (2011) Nature 469:116-122). Both the DDXXD motif (539-DDFFD-543 of SEQ ID NO:36) and the NTE motif (684-NDIHSYKRE-692 of SEQ ID NO:26) of sclareol synthase are located in the α domain and superimposed to the same motifs of abietadiene synthase exhibiting RMS 0.03 and 0.04 Å respectively. Although, the threonine in the NTE motif was replaced by serine in the sclareol synthase sequence, the overall active site structure is nearly identical. The class II active site DXDDTXM (SEQ ID NO:79), which catalyzes protonation using general acid (e.g. the middle aspartic acid), presents in the β domain of abietadiene synthase (402-DIDDTAM-408 of SEQ ID NO:84). This active site may not be involved in catalytic activity since Asp404 forms a hydrogen bond with Asn451 (SEQ ID NO:84; Zhou et al. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287:6840-6850). When Asn 451 was mutated to alanine, the activity was reduced more than 100 times. This class II active site in abietadiene synthase was aligned to similar amino acid residues in β domain of sclareol synthase, but the two middle aspartic acids in the site were replaced to alanine and histidine (326-DIAHCAM-332 of SEQ ID NO:36) eliminating the possibility that these residues are involved in catalysis.

TABLE 11 Sclareol Synthase Structural Domains Abietadiene Synthase Sclareol Synthase Domain (SEQ ID NO: 84) (SEQ ID NO: 36) α S559-A868 A477-N788 β1 A110-T135 H40-L62 β2 P350-Q558 P279-Q476 γ M136-Y349 S63-Y278

TABLE 12 Structural domains and features Abietadiene synthase Sclareol synthase Annotation/ structure (SEQ ID NO: 84) (SEQ ID NO: 36) Differences Loop 1 110-111 40-41 Helix A 112-129 42-54 Loop 2 130-138 55-65 Helix B 139-146 66-73 Loop 3 146-160 74-87 Helix C 161-168 88-95 Loop 4 169-183  96-112 Helix D 184-200 113-129 Loop 5 201-204 130-133 Helix E 205-219 134-148 Loop 6 220-233 149-161 Helix F 234-248 162-176 Loop 7 249-256 177-184 Helix G 257-271 185-199 Loop 8 272-274 200-202 Helix H 275-279 203-207 Loop 9 280-297 208-225 Helix I 298-303 226-230 Loop 10 304-314 231-242 Helix J 315-324 243-251 Loop 11 325-328 252-257 Helix K 329-341 258-270 Loop 12 342-351 271-280 Helix L 352-364 281-295 Loop 13 365-372 296-301 Helix M 373-384 302-315 Loop 14 385-402 316-326 Helix N 403-415 327-339 Loop 15 416-422 340-346 Helix O 423-427 347-351 Loop 16 428-445 352-368 Short loop Helix P 446-456 369-379 Loop 17 457-465 380-389 Helix Q 466-481 390-406 Loop 18 482-495 407-414 Helix R 496-505 415-424 Loop 19 506-512 425-430 Helix S 513-523 431-441 Loop 20 524-544 442-462 Helix T 545-573 463-491 Loop 21 574-586 492-504 Helix U 587-595 505-513 Loop 22 596-603 514-521 Helix V 604-625 522-543 DDXXD motif Loop 23 626-629 544-547 Helix W 630-642 548-560 Loop 24 643-652 561-571 Helix X 653-677 572-596 Loop 25 678-681 597-600 Helix Y 682-705 601-619 Short helix Loop 26 706-710 620-630 Longer loop Helix Z 711-721 631-641 Loop 27 722-724 642-644 Helix AA 725-732 645-652 Loop 28 733-740 653-660 Helix AB 741-745 661-664 Loop 29 746-751 665-670 Helix AC 752-766 671-685 NTE motif Loop 30 767-769 686-688 NTE motif Helix AD 770-773 689-692 Loop 31 774-781 693-700 Helix AE 782-789 701-708 Loop 32 790-794 709-713 Helix AF 795-819 714-738 Loop 33 820-824 739-746 Helix AG 825-840 747-762 Loop 34 841-849 763-774 Longer loop Helix AH 850-863 775-782 Loop 35 864-868 783-788

Example 10 Production of Sclareol Synthase Fusion Proteins

In this example, various sclareol synthase (NgSs) fusion proteins were generated. In one example, a fusion containing labdenediol diphosphate synthase fused to sclareol synthase was generated. In other examples, fusion proteins containing either the green fluorescent protein or the cellulose binding domain N-terminal linked sclareol synthase were generated to facilitate protein expression.

A. NgLPP-NgSs Fusion Protein

As an alternative to the vector of Example 8 containing the LPP and sclareol synthase polypeptides, a fusion protein containing at the N-terminus labdenediol diphosphate synthase fused to the sclareol synthase at the C-terminus was generated using standard molecular biology techniques. The two proteins were linked via a five amino acid GGSGG (SEQ ID NO:96) linker. The LPP synthase is set forth in SEQ ID NO:130 and the sclareol synthase is set forth in SEQ ID NO:131. The sequence of the DNA encoding the fusion protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO:95, and the sequence of the encoded polypeptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO:94.

B. Green Fluorescent Protein-NgSs Fusion Protein

A fusion protein containing green fluorescent protein linked to N-terminal to sclareol synthase was generated using standard molecular biology techniques. The encoding DNA sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:91, and the sequence of the encoded fusion protein is set forth in SEQ ID NO:90.

C. Cellulose Binding Domain-NgSs Fusion Protein

A fusion protein containing the cellulose binding domain from Trichoderma harzianum (SEQ ID NO:97) N-terminal to sclareol synthase was generated using standard molecular biology techniques. The sequence of the encoding DNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO:93, and the sequence of the encoded polypeptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO:92.

Example 11 Variant Sclareol Synthases

In this example, a variant sclareol synthase was generated containing a swap at the N-terminus of sclareol synthase by replacement of nucleotides encoding residues 1-246 of Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase with residues 61-77 of the sage sclareol synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:60. Thus, the variant sclareol synthase protein contained amino acids 61-77 from the sage sclareol synthase N-terminal lined to amino acids 247-755 of Nicotiana glutinosa sclareol synthase. The sequence of the encoding DNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO:87, and the sequence of the encoded polypeptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO:86.

Example 12 Production of Sclareol and (−)-Ambroxide

In this example, sclareol and (−)-ambroxide, whose production is catalyzed by the enzymes provided herein, are produced.

A. Preparation of Sclareol

The mechanism of the biosynthetic production of sclareol from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is set forth in Scheme I below.

In Scheme I, the cyclization of GGPP (1) to form Sclareol (3) is carried out in two steps. In the first step, the terminal double bond of GGPP is protonated, leading to internal rearrangement and proton elimination, thereby yielding the diterpene phosphate intermediate, labdenediol diphosphate (LPP) (2). This reaction is catalyzed by a class II diterpene synthase, designated herein as LPP cyclase. In the second step, a class I diterpene synthase, designated herein as sclareol cyclase (or sclareol synthase (Ss)), catalyzes the ionization of the diphosphate ester functional group of LPP (2), followed by the reaction of the carbocation with an internal double bond, to generate the final product sclareol (3).

B. Production of (−)-Ambroxide

1. Preparation of (−)-Ambroxide from Sclareol

The preparation of (−)-ambroxide (1,5,5,9-tetramethyl-13-oxatricyclo[8.3.0.0^(4,9)]tridecane) from (−)-sclareol is known in the art, e.g. see Barrero et al. Tetrahedron 49(45): 10405-10412, 1993; Barrero et al., Synthetic Communications 34(19):3631-3643, 2004, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Scheme II describes an exemplary preparation of (−)-ambroxide (10) from (−)-sclareol starting material (3). Oxidative degradation of the side chain of compound (3) is carried out by treatment of (3) with osmium tetroxide-sodium periodate (OsO₄/NaIO₄) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution at 45° C. for 6 hours to form majority products acetoxyaldehyde (4) (approx. 73%), the acetoxyacid (5) (approx 12%), and the hemiacetal (6) (approx 5%) and minor products (7) and (8). As a less expensive alternative to OsO₄ treatment, ozonolysis of (3) can be used to obtain higher yields.

The mixture containing the major products of the oxidative degradation reaction, (4) and (5), is then reduced using a sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride (SMEAH; NaAlH₂(OC₂H₄OCH₃)₂) solution in toluene at 50° C., generating a Büchi Intermediate (9), which is then cyclized into (−)-ambroxide (10) using tosyl chloride in the presence of a weak base, such as pyridine at 0° C. The overall yield for the reaction set forth in Scheme II is approximately 80%.

Scheme III describes an alternative preparation of (−)-ambroxide (10) from (−)-sclareol (3), whereby sclareol is converted to sclareolide (3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-1,4,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydronaphtho[8,7-d]furan-2-one) (11), by way of a microbial method using the organism Cryptococcus magnus, ATCC 20918 (ATCC; deposited as Cryptococcus albidus by International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc.). Briefly ATCC 20918 is cultivated under fermentation conditions in an aqueous nutrient medium containing compound (3). This process has been previously described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,970,163, 5,212,078. Compounds of structure (11) are then isolated and purified from the fermentation broths using conventional techniques, including filtration centrifugation, solvent extraction, crystallization, and the like. Purified compound (11) is then reduced by SMEAH in toluene at 50° C. to form a Büchi Intermediate (9). Using a strong base during this reduction reaction may increase the yield of (9). Finally, (9) is cyclized into (−)-ambroxide (10) using tosyl chloride in the presence pyridine at 0° C.

2. Preparation of (−)-Ambroxide from Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate (GGPP)

The production of (−)-ambroxide (10) from at starting compound of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) (1) is accomplished by combining Schemes I and III to generate the reaction pathway set forth in Scheme IV below.

Since modifications will be apparent to those of skill in this art, it is intended that this invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims. 

1-11. (canceled)
 12. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide; wherein the nucleic acid molecule is cDNA; wherein the sclareol synthase polypeptide comprises a sequence of amino acid residues that has at least 85% identity to SEQ ID NO:31, 36, 38, 40, 78, or 86; and wherein the sclareol synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate.
 13. (canceled)
 14. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 12, comprising a sequence of nucleic acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:30, 35, 37, 39, 77, or
 87. 15. A host cell, comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide, wherein the sclareol synthase is heterologous to the host cell; wherein the sclareol synthase polypeptide comprises a sequence of amino acid residues that has at least 85% identity to SEQ ID NO:31, 36, 38, 40, 78, or 86; and wherein the sclareol synthase catalyzes production of a terpene from labdenediol diphosphate in the host cell.
 16. The host cell of claim 15, wherein: the sclareol synthase polypeptide comprises a sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 36, 38, 40, 78, or
 86. 17. The host cell of claim 15, wherein the host cell comprises a nucleic acid encoding a geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase that catalyzes production of the GGPP.
 18. The host cell of claim 15, wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
 19. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 12 or the host cell of claim 15, wherein the encoded sclareol synthase polypeptide comprises one or more heterologous domains or portions thereof from one or more terpene synthases, wherein the domain is Loop 1; Helix A; Loop 2; Helix B; Loop 3; Helix C; Loop 4; Helix D; Loop 5; Helix E; Loop 6; Helix F; Loop 7; Helix G; Loop 8; Helix H; Loop 9; Helix I; Loop 10; Helix J; Loop 11; Helix K; Loop 12; Helix L; Loop 13; Helix M; Loop 14; Helix N; Loop 15; Helix O; Loop 16; Helix P; Loop 17; Helix Q; Loop 18; Helix R; Loop 19; Helix S; Loop 20; Helix T; Loop 21; Helix U; Loop 22; Helix V; Loop 23; Helix W; Loop 24; Helix X; Loop 25; Helix Y; Loop 26; Helix Z; Loop 27; Helix AA; Loop 28; Helix AB; Loop 29; Helix AC; Loop 30; Helix AD; Loop 31; Helix AE; Loop 32; Helix AF; Loop 33; Helix AG; Loop 34; Helix AH; or Loop
 35. 20-33. (canceled)
 34. A method for producing sclareol, comprising: contacting labdenediol diphosphate with the host cell of claim 15 to produce sclareol; and optionally, isolating the sclareol; wherein: the sclareol synthase polypeptide encoded by the host cell is expressed; and the sclareol synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of sclareol from labdenediol diphosphate. 35-40. (canceled)
 41. A vector, comprising a cDNA molecule encoding a sclareol synthase polypeptide; wherein the sclareol synthase polypeptide comprises a sequence of amino acid residues that has at least 85% sequence identity to the sclareol synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31, 36, 38, 40, 78, or
 86. 42. The vector of claim 41, wherein the vector is a prokaryotic vector, a viral vector, or a eukaryotic vector.
 43. The vector of claim 41, wherein the vector is a yeast vector.
 44. A host cell, comprising the vector of claim
 43. 